09 Numeric and Mathematical Modules

The modules described in this chapter provide numeric and math-related functions and data types. The numbers module defines an abstract hierarchy of numeric types. The math and cmath modules contain various mathematical functions for floating-point and complex numbers. For users more interested in decimal accuracy than in speed, the decimal module supports exact representations of decimal numbers.

The following modules are documented in this chapter:

• 1. numbers — Numeric abstract base classes
• 2. math — Mathematical functions
• 3. cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbers
• 4. decimal — Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic
• 5. fractions — Rational numbers
• 6. random — Generate pseudo-random numbers
• 7. itertools — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping
• 8. functools — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects
• 9. operator — Standard operators as functions