api¶

06 Built-in Exceptions¶

exceptions Python’s standard exception class hierarchy.

07 String Services¶

`string`	A collection of string operations (most are no longer used).
`re`	Support for regular expressions (RE).
`struct`	Functions to convert between Python values and C structs represented as Python strings.
`difflib`	Module difflib – helpers for computing deltas between objects.
`StringIO`	File-like objects that read from or write to a string buffer.
`cStringIO`	A simple fast partial StringIO replacement.
`textwrap`	Text wrapping and filling.
`codecs`	codecs – Python Codec Registry, API and helpers.
`encodings`	Standard “encodings” Package
`encodings.idna`
`encodings.utf_8_sig`	Python ‘utf-8-sig’ Codec
`unicodedata`	This module provides access to the Unicode Character Database which defines character properties for all Unicode characters.
`stringprep`	Library that exposes various tables found in the StringPrep RFC 3454.
`fpformat`	General floating point formatting functions.

08 Data Types¶

`datetime`	Fast implementation of the datetime type.
`calendar`	Calendar printing functions
`collections`	This module implements specialized container datatypes providing alternatives to Python’s general purpose built-in containers, dict, list, set, and tuple.
`heapq`	Heap queue algorithm (a.k.a.
`bisect`	Bisection algorithms.
`array`	This module defines an object type which can efficiently represent an array of basic values: characters, integers, floating point numbers.
`sets`	Classes to represent arbitrary sets (including sets of sets).
`sched`	A generally useful event scheduler class.
`mutex`	Mutual exclusion – for use with module sched
`Queue`	A multi-producer, multi-consumer queue.
`weakref`	Weak reference support for Python.
`UserDict`	A more or less complete user-defined wrapper around dictionary objects.
`UserList`	A more or less complete user-defined wrapper around list objects.
`UserString`	A user-defined wrapper around string objects
`types`	Define names for all type symbols known in the standard interpreter.
`new`	Create new objects of various types.
`copy`	Generic (shallow and deep) copying operations.
`pprint`	Support to pretty-print lists, tuples, & dictionaries recursively.
`repr`	Redo the builtin repr() (representation) but with limits on most sizes.

09 Numeric and Mathematical Methods¶

`numbers`	Abstract Base Classes (ABCs) for numbers, according to PEP 3141.
`math`	This module is always available.
`cmath`	This module is always available.
`decimal`	This is a Py2.3 implementation of decimal floating point arithmetic based on
`fractions`	Rational, infinite-precision, real numbers.
`random`	Random variable generators.
`itertools`	Functional tools for creating and using iterators.
`functools`	functools.py - Tools for working with functions and callable objects
`operator`	Operator interface.

10 File and Directory Access¶

`os.path`	Common operations on Posix pathnames.
`fileinput`	Helper class to quickly write a loop over all standard input files.
`stat`	Constants/functions for interpreting results of os.stat() and os.lstat().
`statvfs`	Constants for interpreting the results of os.statvfs() and os.fstatvfs().
`filecmp`	Utilities for comparing files and directories.
`tempfile`	Temporary files.
`glob`	Filename globbing utility.
`fnmatch`	Filename matching with shell patterns.
`linecache`	Cache lines from files.
`shutil`	Utility functions for copying and archiving files and directory trees.
`dircache`	Read and cache directory listings.
`macpath`	Pathname and path-related operations for the Macintosh.

11 Data Persistence¶

`pickle`	Create portable serialized representations of Python objects.
`cPickle`	C implementation and optimization of the Python pickle module.
`copy_reg`	Helper to provide extensibility for pickle/cPickle.
`shelve`	Manage shelves of pickled objects.
`marshal`	This module contains functions that can read and write Python values in a binary format.
`anydbm`	Generic interface to all dbm clones.
`whichdb`	Guess which db package to use to open a db file.
`dbm`
`gdbm`
`dbhash`
`bsddb`
`dumbdbm`	A dumb and slow but simple dbm clone.
`sqlite3`

12 Data Compression and Archiving¶

`zlib`	The functions in this module allow compression and decompression using the zlib library, which is based on GNU zip.
`gzip`	Functions that read and write gzipped files.
`bz2`	The python bz2 module provides a comprehensive interface for the bz2 compression library.
`zipfile`	Read and write ZIP files.
`tarfile`	Read from and write to tar format archives.

13 File Formats¶

`csv`	CSV parsing and writing.
`ConfigParser`	Configuration file parser.
`robotparser`	robotparser.py
`netrc`	An object-oriented interface to .netrc files.
`xdrlib`	Implements (a subset of) Sun XDR – eXternal Data Representation.
`plistlib`	plistlib.py – a tool to generate and parse MacOSX .plist files.

14 Cryptographic Services¶

`hashlib`	hashlib module - A common interface to many hash functions.
`hmac`	HMAC (Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication) Python module.
`md5`
`sha`

15 Generic Operating System Services¶

`os`	OS routines for NT or Posix depending on what system we’re on.
`io`	The io module provides the Python interfaces to stream handling.
`time`	This module provides various functions to manipulate time values.
`argparse`	Command-line parsing library
`optparse`	A powerful, extensible, and easy-to-use option parser.
`getopt`	Parser for command line options.
`logging`	Logging package for Python.
`logging.config`	Configuration functions for the logging package for Python.
`logging.handlers`	Additional handlers for the logging package for Python.
`getpass`	Utilities to get a password and/or the current user name.
`curses`	curses
`curses.ascii`	Constants and membership tests for ASCII characters
`curses.panel`	curses.panel
`platform`	This module tries to retrieve as much platform-identifying data as possible.
`errno`	This module makes available standard errno system symbols.
`ctypes`	create and manipulate C data types in Python

16 Optional Operating System Services¶

`select`	This module supports asynchronous I/O on multiple file descriptors.
`threading`	Thread module emulating a subset of Java’s threading model.
`thread`	This module provides primitive operations to write multi-threaded programs.
`dummy_threading`	Faux `threading` version using `dummy_thread` instead of `thread`.
`dummy_thread`	Drop-in replacement for the thread module.
`multiprocessing`
`mmap`
`readline`	Importing this module enables command line editing using GNU readline.
`rlcompleter`	Word completion for GNU readline.

17 Interprocess Communication and Networking¶

`subprocess`	subprocess - Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams
`socket`	This module provides socket operations and some related functions.
`ssl`	This module provides some more Pythonic support for SSL.
`signal`	This module provides mechanisms to use signal handlers in Python.
`popen2`	Spawn a command with pipes to its stdin, stdout, and optionally stderr.
`asyncore`	Basic infrastructure for asynchronous socket service clients and servers.
`asynchat`	A class supporting chat-style (command/response) protocols.

18 Internet Data Handling¶

`email`	A package for parsing, handling, and generating email messages.
`json`	JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) <http://json.org> is a subset of JavaScript syntax (ECMA-262 3rd edition) used as a lightweight data interchange format.
`mailcap`	Mailcap file handling.
`mailbox`	Read/write support for Maildir, mbox, MH, Babyl, and MMDF mailboxes.
`mhlib`	MH interface – purely object-oriented (well, almost)
`mimetools`	Various tools used by MIME-reading or MIME-writing programs.
`mimetypes`	Guess the MIME type of a file.
`MimeWriter`	Generic MIME writer.
`mimify`	Mimification and unmimification of mail messages.
`multifile`	A readline()-style interface to the parts of a multipart message.
`rfc822`	RFC 2822 message manipulation.
`base64`	RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings
`binhex`	Macintosh binhex compression/decompression.
`binascii`	Conversion between binary data and ASCII
`quopri`	Conversions to/from quoted-printable transport encoding as per RFC 1521.
`uu`	Implementation of the UUencode and UUdecode functions.

19 Structured Markup Processing Tools¶

`HTMLParser`	A parser for HTML and XHTML.
`sgmllib`	A parser for SGML, using the derived class as a static DTD.
`htmllib`	HTML 2.0 parser.
`xml`	Core XML support for Python.
`xml.etree.ElementTree`
`xml.dom`	W3C Document Object Model implementation for Python.
`xml.dom.minidom`	Simple implementation of the Level 1 DOM.
`xml.dom.pulldom`
`xml.sax`	Simple API for XML (SAX) implementation for Python.
`xml.sax.handler`	This module contains the core classes of version 2.0 of SAX for Python.
`xml.sax.saxutils`	A library of useful helper classes to the SAX classes, for the convenience of application and driver writers.
`xml.sax.xmlreader`	An XML Reader is the SAX 2 name for an XML parser.
`pyexpat`	Python wrapper for Expat parser.

20 Internet Protocols and Support¶

`webbrowser`	Interfaces for launching and remotely controlling Web browsers.
`cgi`	Support module for CGI (Common Gateway Interface) scripts.
`cgitb`	More comprehensive traceback formatting for Python scripts.
`wsgiref`	wsgiref – a WSGI (PEP 333) Reference Library
`urllib`	Open an arbitrary URL.
`urllib2`	An extensible library for opening URLs using a variety of protocols
`httplib`	HTTP/1.1 client library
`ftplib`	An FTP client class and some helper functions.
`poplib`	A POP3 client class.
`imaplib`	IMAP4 client.
`nntplib`	An NNTP client class based on RFC 977: Network News Transfer Protocol.
`smtplib`	SMTP/ESMTP client class.
`smtpd`	An RFC 2821 smtp proxy.
`telnetlib`	TELNET client class.
`uuid`	UUID objects (universally unique identifiers) according to RFC 4122.
`urlparse`	Parse (absolute and relative) URLs.
`SocketServer`	Generic socket server classes.
`BaseHTTPServer`	HTTP server base class.
`SimpleHTTPServer`	Simple HTTP Server.
`CGIHTTPServer`	CGI-savvy HTTP Server.
`cookielib`	HTTP cookie handling for web clients.
`Cookie`	Here’s a sample session to show how to use this module.
`xmlrpclib`	An XML-RPC client interface for Python.
`SimpleXMLRPCServer`	Simple XML-RPC Server.
`DocXMLRPCServer`	Self documenting XML-RPC Server.

21 Multimedia Services¶

`audioop`
`imageop`
`aifc`	Stuff to parse AIFF-C and AIFF files.
`sunau`	Stuff to parse Sun and NeXT audio files.
`wave`	Stuff to parse WAVE files.
`chunk`	Simple class to read IFF chunks.
`colorsys`	Conversion functions between RGB and other color systems.
`imghdr`	Recognize image file formats based on their first few bytes.
`sndhdr`	Routines to help recognizing sound files.
`ossaudiodev`

22 Internationalization¶

`gettext`	Internationalization and localization support.
`locale`	Locale support module.

23 Program Frameworks¶

`cmd`	A generic class to build line-oriented command interpreters.
`shlex`	A lexical analyzer class for simple shell-like syntaxes.

24 Graphical User Interfaces with Tk¶

`Tkinter`	Wrapper functions for Tcl/Tk.
`ttk`	Ttk wrapper.
`Tix`
`ScrolledText`	A ScrolledText widget feels like a text widget but also has a vertical scroll bar on its right.
`turtle`	Turtle graphics is a popular way for introducing programming to kids.
`IDLE`

25 Development Tools¶

`pydoc`	Generate Python documentation in HTML or text for interactive use.
`doctest`	Module doctest – a framework for running examples in docstrings.
`unittest`	Python unit testing framework, based on Erich Gamma’s JUnit and Kent Beck’s Smalltalk testing framework.
`test`

26 Debugging and Profiling¶

`bdb`	Debugger basics
`pdb`	A Python debugger.
`profile`	Class for profiling Python code.
`cProfile`	Python interface for the ‘lsprof’ profiler.
`hotshot`	High-perfomance logging profiler, mostly written in C.
`timeit`	Tool for measuring execution time of small code snippets.
`trace`	program/module to trace Python program or function execution

27 Software Packaging and Distribution¶

distutils distutils

28 Python Runtime Services¶

`sys`	This module provides access to some objects used or maintained by the interpreter and to functions that interact strongly with the interpreter.
`sysconfig`	Provide access to Python’s configuration information.
`__builtin__`	Built-in functions, exceptions, and other objects.
`future_builtins`	This module provides functions that will be builtins in Python 3.0, but that conflict with builtins that already exist in Python 2.x.
`__main__`
`warnings`	Python part of the warnings subsystem.
`contextlib`	Utilities for with-statement contexts.
`abc`	Abstract Base Classes (ABCs) according to PEP 3119.
`atexit`	atexit.py - allow programmer to define multiple exit functions to be executed
`traceback`	Extract, format and print information about Python stack traces.
`__future__`	Record of phased-in incompatible language changes.
`gc`	This module provides access to the garbage collector for reference cycles.
`inspect`	Get useful information from live Python objects.
`site`	Append module search paths for third-party packages to sys.path.
`user`	Hook to allow user-specified customization code to run.
`fpectl`

29 Custom Python Interpreters¶

`code`	Utilities needed to emulate Python’s interactive interpreter.
`codeop`	Utilities to compile possibly incomplete Python source code.

30 Restricted Execution¶

`rexec`	Restricted execution facilities.
`Bastion`	Bastionification utility.

31 Importing Modules¶

`imp`	This module provides the components needed to build your own __import__ function.
`importlib`	Backport of importlib.import_module from 3.x.
`imputil`	Import utilities
`zipimport`	zipimport provides support for importing Python modules from Zip archives.
`pkgutil`	Utilities to support packages.
`modulefinder`	Find modules used by a script, using introspection.
`runpy`	runpy.py - locating and running Python code using the module namespace

32 Python Language Services¶

`parser`	This is an interface to Python’s internal parser.
`ast`	ast
`symtable`	Interface to the compiler’s internal symbol tables
`symbol`	Non-terminal symbols of Python grammar (from “graminit.h”).
`token`	Token constants (from “token.h”).
`keyword`	Keywords (from “graminit.c”)
`tokenize`	Tokenization help for Python programs.
`tabnanny`	The Tab Nanny despises ambiguous indentation.
`pyclbr`	Parse a Python module and describe its classes and methods.
`py_compile`	Routine to “compile” a .py file to a .pyc (or .pyo) file.
`compileall`	Module/script to byte-compile all .py files to .pyc (or .pyo) files.
`dis`	Disassembler of Python byte code into mnemonics.
`pickletools`	“Executable documentation” for the pickle module.

33 (depr) Python compiler package¶

compiler Package for parsing and compiling Python source code

34 Miscellaneous Services¶

formatter Generic output formatting.

35 MS Windows Specific Services¶

`msilib`
`msvcrt`
`_winreg`
`winsound`

36. Unix Specific Services¶

`posix`	This module provides access to operating system functionality that is standardized by the C Standard and the POSIX standard (a thinly disguised Unix interface).
`pwd`	This module provides access to the Unix password database.
`spwd`	This module provides access to the Unix shadow password database.
`grp`	Access to the Unix group database.
`crypt`
`dl`
`termios`	This module provides an interface to the Posix calls for tty I/O control.
`tty`	Terminal utilities.
`pty`	Pseudo terminal utilities.
`fcntl`	This module performs file control and I/O control on file descriptors.
`pipes`	Conversion pipeline templates.
`posixfile`	Extended file operations available in POSIX.
`resource`
`nis`	This module contains functions for accessing NIS maps.
`syslog`
`commands`	Execute shell commands via os.popen() and return status, output.

37 Mac OS X specific services¶

`ic`
`MacOS`
`macostools`
`EasyDialogs`
`FrameWork`
`autoGIL`
`Carbon`
`ColorPicker`