Python Standard Library Doc

Table of Contents

  • Ch 01 - 05
    • 01 Introduction
    • 02 Built-in Functions
      • Summary Table
      • a-e
      • e-g
      • h-i
      • l-o
      • p-r
      • s-z
    • 03 Non-essential Built-in Functions
    • 04 Built-in Constants
      • Constants added by the site module
    • 05 Built-in Types
      • 1. Truth Value Testing
      • 2. Boolean Operations — and, or, not
      • 3. Comparisons
      • 4. Numeric Types — int, float, long, complex
        • 4.1. Bitwise Operations on Integer Types
        • 4.2. Additional Methods on Integer Types
        • 4.3. Additional Methods on Float
      • 5. Iterator Types
        • 5.1. Generator Types
      • 6. Sequence Types — str, unicode, list, tuple, bytearray, buffer, xrange
        • 6.1. String Methods
        • 6.2. String Formatting Operations
        • 6.3. XRange Type
        • 6.4. Mutable Sequence Types
      • 7. Set Types — set, frozenset
      • 8. Mapping Types — dict
        • 8.1. Dictionary view objects
      • 9. File Objects
      • 10. memoryview type
      • 11. Context Manager Types
      • 12. Other Built-in Types
        • 12.1. Modules
        • 12.2. Classes and Class Instances
        • 12.3. Functions
        • 12.4. Methods
        • 12.5. Code Objects
        • 12.6. Type Objects
        • 12.7. The Null Object
        • 12.8. The Ellipsis Object
        • 12.9. The NotImplemented Object
        • 12.10. Boolean Values
        • 12.11. Internal Objects
      • 13. Special Attributes
  • Ch 06 - 10
    • 06 Built-in Exceptions
      • Exception hierarchy
    • 07. String Services
      • 1. string — Common string operations
        • 1.1. String constants
        • 1.2. Custom String Formatting
        • 1.3. Format String Syntax
          • 1.3.1. Format Specification Mini-Language
          • 1.3.2. Format examples
        • 1.4. Template strings
        • 1.5. String functions
        • 1.6. Deprecated string functions
      • 2. re — Regular expression operations
        • 2.1. Regular Expression Syntax
        • 2.2. Module Contents
        • 2.3. Regular Expression Objects
        • 2.4. Match Objects
        • 2.5. Examples
          • 2.5.1. Checking For a Pair
          • 2.5.2. Simulating scanf()
          • 2.5.3. search() vs. match()
          • 2.5.4. Making a Phonebook
          • 2.5.5. Text Munging
          • 2.5.6. Finding all Adverbs
          • 2.5.7. Finding all Adverbs and their Positions
          • 2.5.8. Raw String Notation
      • 3. struct — Interpret strings as packed binary data
        • 3.1. Functions and Exceptions
        • 3.2. Format Strings
          • 3.2.1. Byte Order, Size, and Alignment
          • 3.2.2. Format Characters
          • 3.2.3. Examples
        • 3.3. Classes
      • 4. difflib — Helpers for computing deltas
        • 4.1. SequenceMatcher Objects
        • 4.2. SequenceMatcher Examples
        • 4.3. Differ Objects
        • 4.4. Differ Example
        • 4.5. A command-line interface to difflib
      • 5. StringIO — Read and write strings as files
      • 6. cStringIO — Faster version of StringIO
      • 7. textwrap — Text wrapping and filling
      • 8. codecs — Codec registry and base classes
        • 8.1. Codec Base Classes
          • 8.1.1. Codec Objects
          • 8.1.2. IncrementalEncoder Objects
          • 8.1.3. IncrementalDecoder Objects
          • 8.1.4. StreamWriter Objects
          • 8.1.5. StreamReader Objects
          • 8.1.6. StreamReaderWriter Objects
          • 8.1.7. StreamRecoder Objects
        • 8.2. Encodings and Unicode
        • 8.3. Standard Encodings
        • 8.4. Python Specific Encodings
        • 8.5. encodings.idna — Internationalized Domain Names in Applications
        • 8.6. encodings.utf_8_sig — UTF-8 codec with BOM signature
      • 9. unicodedata — Unicode Database
      • 10. stringprep — Internet String Preparation
      • 11. (deprecated) fpformat — Floating point conversions
    • 08. Data Types
      • 1. datetime — Basic date and time types
        • 1.1. Available Types
        • 1.2. timedelta Objects
        • 1.3. date Objects
        • 1.4. datetime Objects
        • 1.5. time Objects
        • 1.6. tzinfo Objects
        • 1.7. strftime() and strptime() Behavior
      • 2. calendar — General calendar-related functions
      • 3. collections — High-performance container datatypes
        • 3.1. Counter objects
        • 3.2. deque objects
          • 3.2.1. deque Recipes
        • 3.3. defaultdict objects
          • 3.3.1. defaultdict Examples
        • 3.4. namedtuple() Factory Function for Tuples with Named Fields
        • 3.5. OrderedDict objects
          • 3.5.1. OrderedDict Examples and Recipes
        • 3.6. Collections Abstract Base Classes
      • 4. heapq — Heap queue algorithm
        • 4.1. Basic Examples
        • 4.2. Priority Queue Implementation Notes
        • 4.3. Theory
      • 5. bisect — Array bisection algorithm
        • 5.1. Searching Sorted Lists
        • 5.2. Other Examples
      • 6. array — Efficient arrays of numeric values
      • 7. sets — Unordered collections of unique elements
        • 7.1. Set Objects
        • 7.2. Example
        • 7.3. Protocol for automatic conversion to immutable
        • 7.4. Comparison to the built-in set types
      • 8. sched — Event scheduler
        • 8.1. Scheduler Objects
      • 9. mutex — Mutual exclusion support
        • 9.1. Mutex Objects
      • 10. Queue — A synchronized queue class
        • 10.1. Queue Objects
      • 11. weakref — Weak references
        • 11.1. Weak Reference Objects
        • 11.2. Example
      • 12. UserDict — Class wrapper for dictionary objects
      • 13. UserList — Class wrapper for list objects
      • 14. UserString — Class wrapper for string objects
      • 15. types — Names for built-in types
      • 16. new — Creation of runtime internal objects
      • 17. copy — Shallow and deep copy operations
      • 18. pprint — Data pretty printer
        • 18.1. PrettyPrinter Objects
        • 18.2. pprint Example
      • 19. repr — Alternate repr() implementation
        • 19.1. Repr Objects
        • 19.2. Subclassing Repr Objects
    • 09 Numeric and Mathematical Modules
      • 1. numbers — Numeric abstract base classes
        • 1.1. The numeric tower
        • 1.2. Notes for type implementors
          • 1.2.1. Adding More Numeric ABCs
          • 1.2.2. Implementing the arithmetic operations
      • 2. math — Mathematical functions
        • 2.1. Number-theoretic and representation functions
        • 2.2. Power and logarithmic functions
        • 2.3. Trigonometric functions
        • 2.4. Angular conversion
        • 2.5. Hyperbolic functions
        • 2.6. Special functions
        • 2.7. Constants
      • 3. cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbers
        • 3.1. Conversions to and from polar coordinates
        • 3.2. Power and logarithmic functions
        • 3.3. Trigonometric functions
        • 3.4. Hyperbolic functions
        • 3.5. Classification functions
        • 3.6. Constants
      • 4. decimal — Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic
        • 4.1. Quick-start Tutorial
        • 4.2. Decimal objects
          • 4.2.1. Logical operands
        • 4.3. Context objects
        • 4.4. Signals
        • 4.5. Floating Point Notes
          • 4.5.1. Mitigating round-off error with increased precision
          • 4.5.2. Special values
        • 4.6. Working with threads
        • 4.7. Recipes
        • 4.8. Decimal FAQ
      • 5. fractions — Rational numbers
      • 6. random — Generate pseudo-random numbers
      • 7. itertools — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping
        • 7.1. Itertool functions
        • 7.2. Recipes
      • 8. functools — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects
        • 8.1. partial Objects
      • 9. operator — Standard operators as functions
        • 9.1. Mapping Operators to Functions
    • 10 File and Directory Access
      • 1. os.path — Common pathname manipulations
      • 2. fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
      • 3. stat — Interpreting stat() results
      • 4. statvfs — Constants used with os.statvfs()
      • 5. filecmp — File and Directory Comparisons
        • 5.1. The dircmp class
      • 6. tempfile — Generate temporary files and directories
      • 7. glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansion
      • 8. fnmatch — Unix filename pattern matching
      • 9. linecache — Random access to text lines
      • 10. shutil — High-level file operations
        • 10.1. Directory and files operations
          • 10.1.1. copytree example
        • 10.2. Archiving operations
          • 10.2.1. Archiving example
      • 11. dircache — Cached directory listings
      • 12. macpath — Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions
  • Ch 11 - 15
    • 11. Data Persistence
      • 1. pickle — Python object serialization
        • 1.1. Relationship to other Python modules
        • 1.2. Data stream format
        • 1.3. Usage
        • 1.4. What can be pickled and unpickled?
        • 1.5. The pickle protocol
          • 1.5.1. Pickling and unpickling normal class instances
          • 1.5.2. Pickling and unpickling extension types
          • 1.5.3. Pickling and unpickling external objects
        • 1.6. Subclassing Unpicklers
        • 1.7. Example
      • 2. cPickle — A faster pickle
      • 3. copy_reg — Register pickle support functions
        • 3.1. Example
      • 4. shelve — Python object persistence
        • 4.1. Restrictions
        • 4.2. Example
      • 5. marshal — Internal Python object serialization
      • 6. anydbm — Generic access to DBM-style databases
      • 7. whichdb — Guess which DBM module created a database
      • 8. dbm — Simple “database” interface
      • 9. gdbm — GNU’s reinterpretation of dbm
      • 10. (deprecated) dbhash — DBM-style interface to the BSD database library
        • 10.1. Database Objects
      • 11. (deprecated) bsddb — Interface to Berkeley DB library
        • 11.1. Hash, BTree and Record Objects
      • 12. dumbdbm — Portable DBM implementation
        • 12.1. Dumbdbm Objects
      • 13. sqlite3 — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases
        • 13.1. Module functions and constants
        • 13.2. Connection Objects
        • 13.3. Cursor Objects
        • 13.4. Row Objects
        • 13.5. SQLite and Python types
          • 13.5.1. Introduction
          • 13.5.2. Using adapters to store additional Python types in SQLite databases
            • 13.5.2.1. Letting your object adapt itself
            • 13.5.2.2. Registering an adapter callable
          • 13.5.3. Converting SQLite values to custom Python types
          • 13.5.4. Default adapters and converters
        • 13.6. Controlling Transactions
        • 13.7. Using sqlite3 efficiently
          • 13.7.1. Using shortcut methods
          • 13.7.2. Accessing columns by name instead of by index
          • 13.7.3. Using the connection as a context manager
        • 13.8. Common issues
          • 13.8.1. Multithreading
    • 12 Data Compression and Archiving
      • 1. zlib — Compression compatible with gzip
      • 2. gzip — Support for gzip files
        • 2.1. Examples of usage
      • 3. bz2 — Compression compatible with bzip2
        • 3.1. (De)compression of files
        • 3.2. Sequential (de)compression
        • 3.3. One-shot (de)compression
      • 4. zipfile — Work with ZIP archives
        • 4.1. ZipFile Objects
        • 4.2. PyZipFile Objects
        • 4.3. ZipInfo Objects
      • 5. tarfile — Read and write tar archive files
        • 5.1. TarFile Objects
        • 5.2. TarInfo Objects
        • 5.3. Examples
        • 5.4. Supported tar formats
        • 5.5. Unicode issues
    • 13 File Formats
      • csv — CSV File Reading and Writing
        • Module Contents
        • Dialects and Formatting Parameters
        • Reader Objects
        • Writer Objects
        • Examples
      • ConfigParser — Configuration file parser
        • RawConfigParser Objects
        • ConfigParser Objects
        • SafeConfigParser Objects
        • Examples
      • robotparser — Parser for robots.txt
      • netrc — netrc file processing
        • netrc Objects
      • xdrlib — Encode and decode XDR data
        • Packer Objects
        • Unpacker Objects
        • Exceptions
      • plistlib — Generate and parse Mac OS X .plist files
        • Examples
    • 14 Cryptographic Services
      • 1. hashlib — Secure hashes and message digests
        • 1.1. Key derivation
      • 2. hmac — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication
      • 3. md5 — MD5 message digest algorithm
      • 4. sha — SHA-1 message digest algorithm
    • 15 Generic Operating System Services
      • 1. os — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces
        • 1.1. Process Parameters
        • 1.2. File Object Creation
        • 1.3. File Descriptor Operations
          • 1.3.1. open() flag constants
        • 1.4. Files and Directories
        • 1.5. Process Management
        • 1.6. Miscellaneous System Information
        • 1.7. Miscellaneous Functions
      • 2. io — Core tools for working with streams
        • 2.1. Module Interface
        • 2.2. I/O Base Classes
        • 2.3. Raw File I/O
        • 2.4. Buffered Streams
        • 2.5. Text I/O
        • 2.6. Advanced topics
          • 2.6.1. Performance
            • 2.6.1.1. Binary I/O
            • 2.6.1.2. Text I/O
          • 2.6.2. Multi-threading
          • 2.6.3. Reentrancy
      • 3. argparse — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands
        • 3.1. Example
          • 3.1.1. Creating a parser
          • 3.1.2. Adding arguments
          • 3.1.3. Parsing arguments
        • 3.2. ArgumentParser objects
          • 3.2.1. prog
          • 3.2.2. usage
          • 3.2.3. description
          • 3.2.4. epilog
          • 3.2.5. parents
          • 3.2.6. formatter_class
          • 3.2.7. prefix_chars
          • 3.2.8. fromfile_prefix_chars
          • 3.2.9. argument_default
          • 3.2.10. conflict_handler
          • 3.2.11. add_help
        • 3.3. The add_argument() method
          • 3.3.1. name or flags
          • 3.3.2. action
          • 3.3.3. nargs
          • 3.3.4. const
          • 3.3.5. default
          • 3.3.6. type
          • 3.3.7. choices
          • 3.3.8. required
          • 3.3.9. help
          • 3.3.10. metavar
          • 3.3.11. dest
          • 3.3.12. Action classes
        • 3.4. The parse_args() method
          • 3.4.1. Option value syntax
          • 3.4.2. Invalid arguments
          • 3.4.3. Arguments containing -
          • 3.4.4. Argument abbreviations (prefix matching)
          • 3.4.5. Beyond sys.argv
          • 3.4.6. The Namespace object
        • 3.5. Other utilities
          • 3.5.1. Sub-commands
          • 3.5.2. FileType objects
          • 3.5.3. Argument groups
          • 3.5.4. Mutual exclusion
          • 3.5.5. Parser defaults
          • 3.5.6. Printing help
          • 3.5.7. Partial parsing
          • 3.5.8. Customizing file parsing
          • 3.5.9. Exiting methods
        • 3.6. Upgrading optparse code
      • 4. optparse — Parser for command line options
        • 4.1. Background
          • 4.1.1. Terminology
          • 4.1.2. What are options for?
          • 4.1.3. What are positional arguments for?
        • 4.2. Tutorial
          • 4.2.1. Understanding option actions
          • 4.2.2. The store action
          • 4.2.3. Handling boolean (flag) options
          • 4.2.4. Other actions
          • 4.2.5. Default values
          • 4.2.6. Generating help
            • 4.2.6.1. Grouping Options
          • 4.2.7. Printing a version string
          • 4.2.8. How optparse handles errors
          • 4.2.9. Putting it all together
        • 4.3. Reference Guide
          • 4.3.1. Creating the parser
          • 4.3.2. Populating the parser
          • 4.3.3. Defining options
          • 4.3.4. Option attributes
          • 4.3.5. Standard option actions
          • 4.3.6. Standard option types
          • 4.3.7. Parsing arguments
          • 4.3.8. Querying and manipulating your option parser
          • 4.3.9. Conflicts between options
          • 4.3.10. Cleanup
          • 4.3.11. Other methods
        • 4.4. Option Callbacks
          • 4.4.1. Defining a callback option
          • 4.4.2. How callbacks are called
          • 4.4.3. Raising errors in a callback
          • 4.4.4. Callback example 1: trivial callback
          • 4.4.5. Callback example 2: check option order
          • 4.4.6. Callback example 3: check option order (generalized)
          • 4.4.7. Callback example 4: check arbitrary condition
          • 4.4.8. Callback example 5: fixed arguments
          • 4.4.9. Callback example 6: variable arguments
        • 4.5. Extending optparse
          • 4.5.1. Adding new types
          • 4.5.2. Adding new actions
      • 5. getopt — C-style parser for command line options
      • 6. logging — Logging facility for Python
        • 6.1. Logger Objects
        • 6.2. Logging Levels
        • 6.3. Handler Objects
        • 6.4. Formatter Objects
        • 6.5. Filter Objects
        • 6.6. LogRecord Objects
        • 6.7. LogRecord attributes
        • 6.8. LoggerAdapter Objects
        • 6.9. Thread Safety
        • 6.10. Module-Level Functions
        • 6.11. Integration with the warnings module
      • 7. logging.config — Logging configuration
        • 7.1. Configuration functions
        • 7.2. Configuration dictionary schema
          • 7.2.1. Dictionary Schema Details
          • 7.2.2. Incremental Configuration
          • 7.2.3. Object connections
          • 7.2.4. User-defined objects
          • 7.2.5. Access to external objects
          • 7.2.6. Access to internal objects
          • 7.2.7. Import resolution and custom importers
        • 7.3. Configuration file format
      • 8. logging.handlers — Logging handlers
        • 8.1. StreamHandler
        • 8.2. FileHandler
        • 8.3. NullHandler
        • 8.4. WatchedFileHandler
        • 8.5. RotatingFileHandler
        • 8.6. TimedRotatingFileHandler
        • 8.7. SocketHandler
        • 8.8. DatagramHandler
        • 8.9. SysLogHandler
        • 8.10. NTEventLogHandler
        • 8.11. SMTPHandler
        • 8.12. MemoryHandler
        • 8.13. HTTPHandler
      • 9. getpass — Portable password input
      • 10. curses — Terminal handling for character-cell displays
        • 10.1. Functions
        • 10.2. Window Objects
        • 10.3. Constants
      • 11. curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programs
        • 11.1. Textbox objects
      • 12. curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters
      • 13. curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses
        • 13.1. Functions
        • 13.2. Panel Objects
      • 14. platform — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data
        • 14.1. Cross Platform
        • 14.2. Java Platform
        • 14.3. Windows Platform
          • 14.3.1. Win95/98 specific
        • 14.4. Mac OS Platform
        • 14.5. Unix Platforms
      • 15. errno — Standard errno system symbols
      • 16. ctypes — A foreign function library for Python
        • 16.1. ctypes tutorial
          • 16.1.1. Loading dynamic link libraries
          • 16.1.2. Accessing functions from loaded dlls
          • 16.1.3. Calling functions
          • 16.1.4. Fundamental data types
          • 16.1.5. Calling functions, continued
          • 16.1.6. Calling functions with your own custom data types
          • 16.1.7. Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes)
          • 16.1.8. Return types
          • 16.1.9. Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference)
          • 16.1.10. Structures and unions
          • 16.1.11. Structure/union alignment and byte order
          • 16.1.12. Bit fields in structures and unions
          • 16.1.13. Arrays
          • 16.1.14. Pointers
          • 16.1.15. Type conversions
          • 16.1.16. Incomplete Types
          • 16.1.17. Callback functions
          • 16.1.18. Accessing values exported from dlls
          • 16.1.19. Surprises
          • 16.1.20. Variable-sized data types
        • 16.2. ctypes reference
          • 16.2.1. Finding shared libraries
          • 16.2.2. Loading shared libraries
          • 16.2.3. Foreign functions
          • 16.2.4. Function prototypes
          • 16.2.5. Utility functions
          • 16.2.6. Data types
          • 16.2.7. Fundamental data types
          • 16.2.8. Structured data types
          • 16.2.9. Arrays and pointers
  • Ch 16 - 20
    • 16 Optional Operating System Services
      • 1. select — Waiting for I/O completion
        • 1.1. Edge and Level Trigger Polling (epoll) Objects
        • 1.2. Polling Objects
        • 1.3. Kqueue Objects
        • 1.4. Kevent Objects
      • 2. threading — Higher-level threading interface
        • 2.1. Thread Objects
        • 2.2. Lock Objects
        • 2.3. RLock Objects
        • 2.4. Condition Objects
        • 2.5. Semaphore Objects
          • 2.5.1. Semaphore Example
        • 2.6. Event Objects
        • 2.7. Timer Objects
        • 2.8. Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the with statement
        • 2.9. Importing in threaded code
      • 3. thread — Multiple threads of control
      • 4. dummy_threading — Drop-in replacement for the threading module
      • 5. dummy_thread — Drop-in replacement for the thread module
      • 6. multiprocessing — Process-based “threading” interface
        • 6.1. Introduction
          • 6.1.1. The Process class
          • 6.1.2. Exchanging objects between processes
          • 6.1.3. Synchronization between processes
          • 6.1.4. Sharing state between processes
          • 6.1.5. Using a pool of workers
        • 6.2. Reference
          • 6.2.1. Process and exceptions
          • 6.2.2. Pipes and Queues
          • 6.2.3. Miscellaneous
          • 6.2.4. Connection Objects
          • 6.2.5. Synchronization primitives
          • 6.2.6. Shared ctypes Objects
            • 6.2.6.1. The multiprocessing.sharedctypes module
          • 6.2.7. Managers
            • 6.2.7.1. Customized managers
            • 6.2.7.2. Using a remote manager
          • 6.2.8. Proxy Objects
            • 6.2.8.1. Cleanup
          • 6.2.9. Process Pools
          • 6.2.10. Listeners and Clients
            • 6.2.10.1. Address Formats
          • 6.2.11. Authentication keys
          • 6.2.12. Logging
          • 6.2.13. The multiprocessing.dummy module
        • 6.3. Programming guidelines
          • 6.3.1. All platforms
          • 6.3.2. Windows
        • 6.4. Examples
      • 7. mmap — Memory-mapped file support
      • 8. readline — GNU readline interface
        • 8.1. Init file
        • 8.2. Line buffer
        • 8.3. History file
        • 8.4. History list
        • 8.5. Startup hooks
        • 8.6. Completion
        • 8.7. Example
      • 9. rlcompleter — Completion function for GNU readline
        • 9.1. Completer Objects
    • 17 Interprocess Communication and Networking
      • 1. subprocess — Subprocess management
        • 1.1. Using the subprocess Module
          • 1.1.1. Frequently Used Arguments
          • 1.1.2. Popen Constructor
          • 1.1.3. Exceptions
          • 1.1.4. Security
        • 1.2. Popen Objects
        • 1.3. Windows Popen Helpers
          • 1.3.1. Constants
        • 1.4. Replacing Older Functions with the subprocess Module
          • 1.4.1. Replacing /bin/sh shell backquote
          • 1.4.2. Replacing shell pipeline
          • 1.4.3. Replacing os.system()
          • 1.4.4. Replacing the os.spawn family
          • 1.4.5. Replacing os.popen(), os.popen2(), os.popen3()
          • 1.4.6. Replacing functions from the popen2 module
        • 1.5. Notes
          • 1.5.1. Converting an argument sequence to a string on Windows
      • 2. socket — Low-level networking interface
        • 2.1. Socket Objects
        • 2.2. Example
      • 3. ssl — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects
        • 3.1. Functions, Constants, and Exceptions
          • 3.1.1. Socket creation
          • 3.1.2. Context creation
          • 3.1.3. Random generation
          • 3.1.4. Certificate handling
          • 3.1.5. Constants
        • 3.2. SSL Sockets
        • 3.3. SSL Contexts
        • 3.4. Certificates
          • 3.4.1. Certificate chains
          • 3.4.2. CA certificates
          • 3.4.3. Combined key and certificate
          • 3.4.4. Self-signed certificates
        • 3.5. Examples
          • 3.5.1. Testing for SSL support
          • 3.5.2. Client-side operation
          • 3.5.3. Server-side operation
        • 3.6. Notes on non-blocking sockets
        • 3.7. Security considerations
          • 3.7.1. Best defaults
          • 3.7.2. Manual settings
            • 3.7.2.1. Verifying certificates
            • 3.7.2.2. Protocol versions
            • 3.7.2.3. Cipher selection
          • 3.7.3. Multi-processing
      • 4. signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events
        • 4.1. Example
      • 5. popen2 — Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams
        • 5.1. Popen3 and Popen4 Objects
        • 5.2. Flow Control Issues
      • 6. asyncore — Asynchronous socket handler
        • 6.1. asyncore Example basic HTTP client
        • 6.2. asyncore Example basic echo server
      • 7. asynchat — Asynchronous socket command/response handler
        • 7.1. asynchat - Auxiliary Classes
        • 7.2. asynchat Example
    • 18 Internet Data Handling
      • 1. email — An email and MIME handling package
        • 1.1. Package History
        • 1.2. Differences from mimelib
      • 2. json — JSON encoder and decoder
        • 2.1. Basic Usage
        • 2.2. Encoders and Decoders
        • 2.3. Standard Compliance and Interoperability
          • 2.3.1. Character Encodings
          • 2.3.2. Infinite and NaN Number Values
          • 2.3.3. Repeated Names Within an Object
          • 2.3.4. Top-level Non-Object, Non-Array Values
          • 2.3.5. Implementation Limitations
      • 3. mailcap — Mailcap file handling
      • 4. mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
        • 4.1. Mailbox objects
          • 4.1.1. Maildir
          • 4.1.2. mbox
          • 4.1.3. MH
          • 4.1.4. Babyl
          • 4.1.5. MMDF
        • 4.2. Message objects
          • 4.2.1. MaildirMessage
          • 4.2.2. mboxMessage
          • 4.2.3. MHMessage
          • 4.2.4. BabylMessage
          • 4.2.5. MMDFMessage
        • 4.3. Exceptions
        • 4.4. Deprecated classes and methods
        • 4.5. Examples
      • 5. (depr) mhlib — Access to MH mailboxes
        • 5.1. MH Objects
        • 5.2. Folder Objects
        • 5.3. Message Objects
      • 6. (depr) mimetools — Tools for parsing MIME messages
        • 6.1. Additional Methods of Message Objects
      • 7. mimetypes — Map filenames to MIME types
        • 7.1. MimeTypes Objects
      • 8. (depr) MimeWriter — Generic MIME file writer
        • 8.1. MimeWriter Objects
      • 9. (depr) mimify — MIME processing of mail messages
      • 10. (depr) multifile — Support for files containing distinct parts
        • 10.1. MultiFile Objects
        • 10.2. MultiFile Example
      • 11. (depr) rfc822 — Parse RFC 2822 mail headers
        • 11.1. Message Objects
        • 11.2. AddressList Objects
      • 12. base64 — RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings
      • 13. binhex — Encode and decode binhex4 files
        • 13.1. Notes
      • 14. binascii — Convert between binary and ASCII
      • 15. quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
      • 16. uu — Encode and decode uuencode files
    • 19 Structured Markup Processing Tools
      • 1. HTMLParser — Simple HTML and XHTML parser
        • 1.1. Example HTML Parser Application
        • 1.2. HTMLParser Methods
        • 1.3. Examples
      • 2. (depr) sgmllib — Simple SGML parser
      • 3. (depr) htmllib — A parser for HTML documents
        • 3.1. HTMLParser Objects
      • 4. htmlentitydefs — Definitions of HTML general entities
      • 5. XML Processing Modules
      • 6. XML vulnerabilities
        • 6.1. defused packages
      • 7. xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API
        • 7.1. Tutorial
          • 7.1.1. XML tree and elements
          • 7.1.2. Parsing XML
          • 7.1.3. Finding interesting elements
          • 7.1.4. Modifying an XML File
          • 7.1.5. Building XML documents
          • 7.1.6. Parsing XML with Namespaces
          • 7.1.7. Additional resources
        • 7.2. XPath support
          • 7.2.1. Example
          • 7.2.2. Supported XPath syntax
        • 7.3. Reference
          • 7.3.1. Functions
          • 7.3.2. Element Objects
          • 7.3.3. ElementTree Objects
          • 7.3.4. QName Objects
          • 7.3.5. TreeBuilder Objects
          • 7.3.6. XMLParser Objects
      • 8. xml.dom — The Document Object Model API
        • 8.1. Module Contents
        • 8.2. Objects in the DOM
          • 8.2.1. DOMImplementation Objects
          • 8.2.2. Node Objects
          • 8.2.3. NodeList Objects
          • 8.2.4. DocumentType Objects
          • 8.2.5. Document Objects
          • 8.2.6. Element Objects
          • 8.2.7. Attr Objects
          • 8.2.8. NamedNodeMap Objects
          • 8.2.9. Comment Objects
          • 8.2.10. Text and CDATASection Objects
          • 8.2.11. ProcessingInstruction Objects
          • 8.2.12. Exceptions
        • 8.3. Conformance
          • 8.3.1. Type Mapping
          • 8.3.2. Accessor Methods
      • 9. xml.dom.minidom — Minimal DOM implementation
        • 9.1. DOM Objects
        • 9.2. DOM Example
        • 9.3. minidom and the DOM standard
      • 10. xml.dom.pulldom — Support for building partial DOM trees
        • 10.1. DOMEventStream Objects
      • 11. xml.sax — Support for SAX2 parsers
        • 11.1. SAXException Objects
      • 12. xml.sax.handler — Base classes for SAX handlers
        • 12.1. ContentHandler Objects
        • 12.2. DTDHandler Objects
        • 12.3. EntityResolver Objects
        • 12.4. ErrorHandler Objects
      • 13. xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilities
      • 14. xml.sax.xmlreader — Interface for XML parsers
        • 14.1. XMLReader Objects
        • 14.2. IncrementalParser Objects
        • 14.3. Locator Objects
        • 14.4. InputSource Objects
        • 14.5. The Attributes Interface
        • 14.6. The AttributesNS Interface
      • 15. xml.parsers.expat — Fast XML parsing using Expat
        • 15.1. XMLParser Objects
        • 15.2. ExpatError Exceptions
        • 15.3. Example
        • 15.4. Content Model Descriptions
        • 15.5. Expat error constants
    • 20a Internet Protocols and Support
      • 1. webbrowser — Convenient Web-browser controller
        • 1.1. Browser Controller Objects
      • 2. cgi — Common Gateway Interface support
        • 2.1. Introduction
        • 2.2. Using the cgi module
        • 2.3. Higher Level Interface
        • 2.4. Old classes
        • 2.5. Functions
        • 2.6. Caring about security
        • 2.7. Installing your CGI script on a Unix system
        • 2.8. Testing your CGI script
        • 2.9. Debugging CGI scripts
        • 2.10. Common problems and solutions
      • 3. cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scripts
      • 4. wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation
        • 4.1. wsgiref.util – WSGI environment utilities
        • 4.2. wsgiref.headers – WSGI response header tools
        • 4.3. wsgiref.simple_server – a simple WSGI HTTP server
        • 4.4. wsgiref.validate — WSGI conformance checker
        • 4.5. wsgiref.handlers – server/gateway base classes
        • 4.6. Examples
      • 5. urllib — Open arbitrary resources by URL
        • 5.1. High-level interface
        • 5.2. Utility functions
        • 5.3. URL Opener objects
        • 5.4. urllib Restrictions
        • 5.5. Examples
      • 6. urllib2 — extensible library for opening URLs
        • 6.1. Request Objects
        • 6.2. OpenerDirector Objects
        • 6.3. BaseHandler Objects
        • 6.4. HTTPRedirectHandler Objects
        • 6.5. HTTPCookieProcessor Objects
        • 6.6. ProxyHandler Objects
        • 6.7. HTTPPasswordMgr Objects
        • 6.8. AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects
        • 6.9. HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects
        • 6.10. ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects
        • 6.11. AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects
        • 6.12. HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects
        • 6.13. ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects
        • 6.14. HTTPHandler Objects
        • 6.15. HTTPSHandler Objects
        • 6.16. FileHandler Objects
        • 6.17. FTPHandler Objects
        • 6.18. CacheFTPHandler Objects
        • 6.19. UnknownHandler Objects
        • 6.20. HTTPErrorProcessor Objects
        • 6.21. Examples
      • 7. httplib — HTTP protocol client
        • 7.1. HTTPConnection Objects
        • 7.2. HTTPResponse Objects
        • 7.3. Examples
      • 8. ftplib — FTP protocol client
        • 8.1. FTP Objects
        • 8.2. FTP_TLS Objects
      • 9. poplib — POP3 protocol client
        • 9.1. POP3 Objects
        • 9.2. POP3 Example
      • 10. imaplib — IMAP4 protocol client
        • 10.1. IMAP4 Objects
        • 10.2. IMAP4 Example
      • 11. nntplib — NNTP protocol client
        • 11.1. NNTP Objects
      • 12. smtplib — SMTP protocol client
        • 12.1. SMTP Objects
        • 12.2. SMTP Example
      • 13. smtpd — SMTP Server
        • 13.1. SMTPServer Objects
        • 13.2. DebuggingServer Objects
        • 13.3. PureProxy Objects
        • 13.4. MailmanProxy Objects
    • 20b Internet Protocols and Support
      • 1. telnetlib — Telnet client
        • 1.1. Telnet Objects
        • 1.2. Telnet Example
      • 2. uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122
        • 2.1. Example
      • 3. urlparse — Parse URLs into components
        • 3.1. Results of urlparse() and urlsplit()
      • 4. SocketServer — A framework for network servers
        • 4.1. Server Creation Notes
        • 4.2. Server Objects
        • 4.3. Request Handler Objects
        • 4.4. Examples
          • 4.4.1. SocketServer.TCPServer Example
          • 4.4.2. SocketServer.UDPServer Example
          • 4.4.3. Asynchronous Mixins
      • 5. BaseHTTPServer — Basic HTTP server
        • 5.1. More examples
      • 6. SimpleHTTPServer — Simple HTTP request handler
      • 7. CGIHTTPServer — CGI-capable HTTP request handler
      • 8. cookielib — Cookie handling for HTTP clients
        • 8.1. CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects
        • 8.2. FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers
        • 8.3. CookiePolicy Objects
        • 8.4. DefaultCookiePolicy Objects
        • 8.5. Cookie Objects
        • 8.6. Examples
      • 9. Cookie — HTTP state management
        • 9.1. Cookie Objects
        • 9.2. Morsel Objects
        • 9.3. Example
      • 10. xmlrpclib — XML-RPC client access
        • 10.1. ServerProxy Objects
        • 10.2. Boolean Objects
        • 10.3. DateTime Objects
        • 10.4. Binary Objects
        • 10.5. Fault Objects
        • 10.6. ProtocolError Objects
        • 10.7. MultiCall Objects
        • 10.8. Convenience Functions
        • 10.9. Example of Client Usage
        • 10.10. Example of Client and Server Usage
      • 11. SimpleXMLRPCServer — Basic XML-RPC server
        • 11.1. SimpleXMLRPCServer Objects
          • 11.1.1. SimpleXMLRPCServer Example
        • 11.2. CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
      • 12. DocXMLRPCServer — Self-documenting XML-RPC server
        • 12.1. DocXMLRPCServer Objects
        • 12.2. DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
  • Ch 21 - 25
    • 21 Multimedia Services
      • 1. audioop — Manipulate raw audio data
      • 2. imageop — Manipulate raw image data
      • 3. aifc — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
      • 4. sunau — Read and write Sun AU files
        • 4.1. AU_read Objects
        • 4.2. AU_write Objects
      • 5. wave — Read and write WAV files
        • 5.1. Wave_read Objects
        • 5.2. Wave_write Objects
      • 6. chunk — Read IFF chunked data
      • 7. colorsys — Conversions between color systems
      • 8. imghdr — Determine the type of an image
      • 9. sndhdr — Determine type of sound file
      • 10. ossaudiodev — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
        • 10.1. Audio Device Objects
        • 10.2. Mixer Device Objects
    • 22 Internationalization
      • 1. gettext — Multilingual internationalization services
        • 1.1. GNU gettext API
        • 1.2. Class-based API
          • 1.2.1. The NullTranslations class
          • 1.2.2. The GNUTranslations class
          • 1.2.3. Solaris message catalog support
          • 1.2.4. The Catalog constructor
        • 1.3. Internationalizing your programs and modules
          • 1.3.1. Localizing your module
          • 1.3.2. Localizing your application
          • 1.3.3. Changing languages on the fly
          • 1.3.4. Deferred translations
          • 1.3.5. gettext() vs. lgettext()
        • 1.4. Acknowledgements
      • 2. locale — Internationalization services
        • 2.1. Background, details, hints, tips and caveats
        • 2.2. For extension writers and programs that embed Python
        • 2.3. Access to message catalogs
    • 23 Program Frameworks
      • 1. cmd — Support for line-oriented command interpreters
        • 1.1. Cmd Objects
      • 2. shlex — Simple lexical analysis
        • 2.1. shlex Objects
        • 2.2. Parsing Rules
    • 24 Graphical User Interfaces with Tk
      • 1. Tkinter — Python interface to Tcl/Tk
        • 1.1. Tkinter Modules
        • 1.2. Tkinter Life Preserver
          • 1.2.1. How To Use This Section
          • 1.2.2. A Simple Hello World Program
        • 1.3. A (Very) Quick Look at Tcl/Tk
        • 1.4. Mapping Basic Tk into Tkinter
        • 1.5. How Tk and Tkinter are Related
        • 1.6. Handy Reference
          • 1.6.1. Setting Options
          • 1.6.2. The Packer
          • 1.6.3. Packer Options
          • 1.6.4. Coupling Widget Variables
          • 1.6.5. The Window Manager
          • 1.6.6. Tk Option Data Types
          • 1.6.7. Bindings and Events
          • 1.6.8. The index Parameter
          • 1.6.9. Images
        • 1.7. File Handlers
      • 2. ttk — Tk themed widgets
        • 2.1. Using Ttk
        • 2.2. Ttk Widgets
        • 2.3. Widget
          • 2.3.1. Standard Options
          • 2.3.2. Scrollable Widget Options
          • 2.3.3. Label Options
          • 2.3.4. Compatibility Options
          • 2.3.5. Widget States
          • 2.3.6. ttk.Widget
        • 2.4. Combobox
          • 2.4.1. Options
          • 2.4.2. Virtual events
          • 2.4.3. ttk.Combobox
        • 2.5. Notebook
          • 2.5.1. Options
          • 2.5.2. Tab Options
          • 2.5.3. Tab Identifiers
          • 2.5.4. Virtual Events
          • 2.5.5. ttk.Notebook
        • 2.6. Progressbar
          • 2.6.1. Options
          • 2.6.2. ttk.Progressbar
        • 2.7. Separator
          • 2.7.1. Options
        • 2.8. Sizegrip
          • 2.8.1. Platform-specific notes
          • 2.8.2. Bugs
        • 2.9. Treeview
          • 2.9.1. Options
          • 2.9.2. Item Options
          • 2.9.3. Tag Options
          • 2.9.4. Column Identifiers
          • 2.9.5. Virtual Events
          • 2.9.6. ttk.Treeview
        • 2.10. Ttk Styling
          • 2.10.1. Layouts
      • 3. Tix — Extension widgets for Tk
        • 3.1. Using Tix
        • 3.2. Tix Widgets
          • 3.2.1. Basic Widgets
          • 3.2.2. File Selectors
          • 3.2.3. Hierarchical ListBox
          • 3.2.4. Tabular ListBox
          • 3.2.5. Manager Widgets
          • 3.2.6. Image Types
          • 3.2.7. Miscellaneous Widgets
          • 3.2.8. Form Geometry Manager
        • 3.3. Tix Commands
      • 4. ScrolledText — Scrolled Text Widget
      • 5. turtle — Turtle graphics for Tk
        • 5.1. Introduction
        • 5.2. Overview over available Turtle and Screen methods
          • 5.2.1. Turtle methods
          • 5.2.2. Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen
        • 5.3. Methods of RawTurtle/Turtle and corresponding functions
          • 5.3.1. Turtle motion
          • 5.3.2. Tell Turtle’s state
          • 5.3.3. Settings for measurement
          • 5.3.4. Pen control
            • 5.3.4.1. Drawing state
            • 5.3.4.2. Color control
            • 5.3.4.3. Filling
            • 5.3.4.4. More drawing control
          • 5.3.5. Turtle state
            • 5.3.5.1. Visibility
            • 5.3.5.2. Appearance
          • 5.3.6. Using events
          • 5.3.7. Special Turtle methods
          • 5.3.8. Excursus about the use of compound shapes
        • 5.4. Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen and corresponding functions
          • 5.4.1. Window control
          • 5.4.2. Animation control
          • 5.4.3. Using screen events
          • 5.4.4. Settings and special methods
          • 5.4.5. Methods specific to Screen, not inherited from TurtleScreen
        • 5.5. The public classes of the module turtle
        • 5.6. Help and configuration
          • 5.6.1. How to use help
          • 5.6.2. Translation of docstrings into different languages
          • 5.6.3. How to configure Screen and Turtles
        • 5.7. Demo scripts
      • 6. IDLE
        • 6.1. Menus
          • 6.1.1. File menu (Shell and Editor)
          • 6.1.2. Edit menu (Shell and Editor)
          • 6.1.3. Format menu (Editor window only)
          • 6.1.4. Run menu (Editor window only)
          • 6.1.5. Shell menu (Shell window only)
          • 6.1.6. Debug menu (Shell window only)
          • 6.1.7. Options menu (Shell and Editor)
          • 6.1.8. Window menu (Shell and Editor)
          • 6.1.9. Help menu (Shell and Editor)
          • 6.1.10. Context Menus
        • 6.2. Editing and navigation
          • 6.2.1. Automatic indentation
          • 6.2.2. Completions
          • 6.2.3. Calltips
          • 6.2.4. Python Shell window
          • 6.2.5. Text colors
        • 6.3. Startup and code execution
          • 6.3.1. Command line usage
          • 6.3.2. IDLE-console differences
          • 6.3.3. Running without a subprocess
        • 6.4. Help and preferences
          • 6.4.1. Additional help sources
          • 6.4.2. Setting preferences
          • 6.4.3. Extensions
      • 7. Other Graphical User Interface Packages
    • 25 Development Tools
      • 1. pydoc — Documentation generator and online help system
      • 2. doctest — Test interactive Python examples
        • 2.1. Simple Usage: Checking Examples in Docstrings
        • 2.2. Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text File
        • 2.3. How It Works
          • 2.3.1. Which Docstrings Are Examined?
          • 2.3.2. How are Docstring Examples Recognized?
          • 2.3.3. What’s the Execution Context?
          • 2.3.4. What About Exceptions?
          • 2.3.5. Option Flags
          • 2.3.6. Directives
          • 2.3.7. Warnings
        • 2.4. Basic API
        • 2.5. Unittest API
        • 2.6. Advanced API
          • 2.6.1. DocTest Objects
          • 2.6.2. Example Objects
          • 2.6.3. DocTestFinder objects
          • 2.6.4. DocTestParser objects
          • 2.6.5. DocTestRunner objects
          • 2.6.6. OutputChecker objects
        • 2.7. Debugging
        • 2.8. Soapbox
      • 3. unittest — Unit testing framework
        • 3.1. Basic example
        • 3.2. Command-Line Interface
          • 3.2.1. Command-line options
        • 3.3. Test Discovery
        • 3.4. Organizing test code
        • 3.5. Re-using old test code
        • 3.6. Skipping tests and expected failures
        • 3.7. Classes and functions
          • 3.7.1. Test cases
            • 3.7.1.1. Deprecated aliases
          • 3.7.2. Grouping tests
          • 3.7.3. Loading and running tests
            • 3.7.3.1. load_tests Protocol
        • 3.8. Class and Module Fixtures
          • 3.8.1. setUpClass and tearDownClass
          • 3.8.2. setUpModule and tearDownModule
        • 3.9. Signal Handling
      • 4. 2to3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation
        • 4.1. Using 2to3
        • 4.2. Fixers
        • 4.3. lib2to3 - 2to3’s library
      • 5. test — Regression tests package for Python
        • 5.1. Writing Unit Tests for the test package
        • 5.2. Running tests using the command-line interface
      • 6. test.test_support — Utility functions for tests
  • Ch 26 - 30
    • 26. Debugging and Profiling
      • 1. bdb — Debugger framework
      • 2. pdb — The Python Debugger
        • 2.1. Debugger Commands
      • 3. cProfile, profile — The Python Profilers
        • 3.1. Introduction to the profilers
        • 3.2. Instant User’s Manual
        • 3.3. profile and cProfile Module Reference
        • 3.4. The Stats Class
        • 3.5. What Is Deterministic Profiling?
        • 3.6. Limitations
        • 3.7. Calibration
        • 3.8. Using a custom timer
      • 4. hotshot — High performance logging profiler
        • 4.1. Profile Objects
        • 4.2. Using hotshot data
        • 4.3. Example Usage
      • 5. timeit — Measure execution time of small code snippets
        • 5.1. Basic Examples
        • 5.2. Python Interface
        • 5.3. Command-Line Interface
        • 5.4. Examples
      • 6. trace — Trace or track Python statement execution
        • 6.1. Command-Line Usage
          • 6.1.1. Main options
          • 6.1.2. Modifiers
          • 6.1.3. Filters
        • 6.2. Programmatic Interface
    • 27 Software Packaging and Distribution
      • 1. distutils — Building and installing Python modules
      • 2. ensurepip — Bootstrapping the pip installer
        • 2.1. Command line interface
        • 2.2. Module API
    • 28 Python Runtime Services
      • 1. sys — System-specific parameters and functions
      • 2. sysconfig — Provide access to Python’s configuration information
        • 2.1. Configuration variables
        • 2.2. Installation paths
        • 2.3. Other functions
      • 3. __builtin__ — Built-in objects
      • 4. future_builtins — Python 3 builtins
      • 5. __main__ — Top-level script environment
      • 6. warnings — Warning control
        • 6.1. Warning Categories
        • 6.2. The Warnings Filter
          • 6.2.1. Default Warning Filters
        • 6.3. Temporarily Suppressing Warnings
        • 6.4. Testing Warnings
        • 6.5. Updating Code For New Versions of Python
        • 6.6. Available Functions
        • 6.7. Available Context Managers
      • 7. contextlib — Utilities for with-statement contexts
      • 8. abc — Abstract Base Classes
      • 9. atexit — Exit handlers
        • 9.1. atexit Example
      • 10. traceback — Print or retrieve a stack traceback
        • 10.1. Traceback Examples
      • 11. __future__ — Future statement definitions
      • 12. gc — Garbage Collector interface
      • 13. inspect — Inspect live objects
        • 13.1. Types and members
        • 13.2. Retrieving source code
        • 13.3. Classes and functions
        • 13.4. The interpreter stack
      • 14. site — Site-specific configuration hook
      • 15. user — User-specific configuration hook
      • 16. fpectl — Floating point exception control
        • 16.1. Example
        • 16.2. Limitations and other considerations
    • 29 Custom Python Interpreters
      • 1. code — Interpreter base classes
        • 1.1. Interactive Interpreter Objects
        • 1.2. Interactive Console Objects
      • 2. codeop — Compile Python code
    • 30 Restricted Execution
      • 1. rexec — Restricted execution framework
        • 1.1. RExec Objects
        • 1.2. Defining restricted environments
        • 1.3. An example
      • 2. Bastion — Restricting access to objects
  • Ch 31 - 37
    • 31 Importing Modules
      • 1. imp — Access the import internals
        • 1.1. Examples
      • 2. importlib – Convenience wrappers for __import__()
      • 3. (depr) imputil — Import utilities
        • 3.1. Examples
      • 4. zipimport — Import modules from Zip archives
        • 4.1. zipimporter Objects
        • 4.2. Examples
      • 5. pkgutil — Package extension utility
      • 6. modulefinder — Find modules used by a script
        • 6.1. Example usage of ModuleFinder
      • 7. runpy — Locating and executing Python modules
    • 32 Python Language Services
      • 1. parser — Access Python parse trees
        • 1.1. Creating ST Objects
        • 1.2. Converting ST Objects
        • 1.3. Queries on ST Objects
        • 1.4. Exceptions and Error Handling
        • 1.5. ST Objects
        • 1.6. Example: Emulation of compile()
      • 2. ast — Abstract Syntax Trees
        • 2.1. Node classes
        • 2.2. Abstract Grammar
        • 2.3. ast Helpers
      • 3. symtable — Access to the compiler’s symbol tables
        • 3.1. Generating Symbol Tables
        • 3.2. Examining Symbol Tables
      • 4. symbol — Constants used with Python parse trees
      • 5. token — Constants used with Python parse trees
      • 6. keyword — Testing for Python keywords
      • 7. tokenize — Tokenizer for Python source
      • 8. tabnanny — Detection of ambiguous indentation
      • 9. pyclbr — Python class browser support
        • 9.1. Class Objects
        • 9.2. Function Objects
      • 10. py_compile — Compile Python source files
      • 11. compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries
        • 11.1. Command-line use
        • 11.2. Public functions
      • 12. dis — Disassembler for Python bytecode
        • 12.1. Python Bytecode Instructions
      • 13. pickletools — Tools for pickle developers
    • 33 (depr) Python compiler package
      • The basic interface
      • Limitations
      • Python Abstract Syntax
        • AST Nodes
        • Assignment nodes
        • Examples
      • Using Visitors to Walk ASTs
      • Bytecode Generation
    • 34. Miscellaneous Services
      • 1. formatter — Generic output formatting
        • 1.1. The Formatter Interface
        • 1.2. Formatter Implementations
        • 1.3. The Writer Interface
        • 1.4. Writer Implementations
    • 35 MS Windows Specific Services
      • 1. msilib — Read and write Microsoft Installer files
        • 1.1. Database Objects
        • 1.2. View Objects
        • 1.3. Summary Information Objects
        • 1.4. Record Objects
        • 1.5. Errors
        • 1.6. CAB Objects
        • 1.7. Directory Objects
        • 1.8. Features
        • 1.9. GUI classes
        • 1.10. Precomputed tables
      • 2. msvcrt – Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
        • 2.1. File Operations
        • 2.2. Console I/O
        • 2.3. Other Functions
      • 3. _winreg – Windows registry access
        • 3.1. Constants
          • 3.1.1. HKEY_* Constants
          • 3.1.2. Access Rights
            • 3.1.2.1. 64-bit Specific
          • 3.1.3. Value Types
        • 3.2. Registry Handle Objects
      • 4. winsound — Sound-playing interface for Windows
    • 36. Unix Specific Services
      • 1. posix — The most common POSIX system calls
        • 1.1. Large File Support
        • 1.2. Notable Module Contents
      • 2. pwd — The password database
      • 3. spwd — The shadow password database
      • 4. grp — The group database
      • 5. crypt — Function to check Unix passwords
      • 6. (deprecated) dl — Call C functions in shared objects
        • 6.1. Dl Objects
      • 7. termios — POSIX style tty control
        • 7.1. Example
      • 8. tty — Terminal control functions
      • 9. pty — Pseudo-terminal utilities
      • 10. fcntl — The fcntl and ioctl system calls
      • 11. pipes — Interface to shell pipelines
        • 11.1. Template Objects
      • 12. posixfile — File-like objects with locking support
      • 13. resource — Resource usage information
        • 13.1. Resource Limits
        • 13.2. Resource Usage
      • 14. nis — Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages)
      • 15. syslog — Unix syslog library routines
        • 15.1. Examples
          • 15.1.1. Simple example
      • 16. (deprecated) commands — Utilities for running commands
    • 37 Mac OS X specific services
      • 1. ic — Access to the Mac OS X Internet Config
        • 1.1. IC Objects
      • 2. MacOS — Access to Mac OS interpreter features
      • 3. macostools — Convenience routines for file manipulation
      • 4. findertools — The finder‘s Apple Events interface
      • 5. EasyDialogs — Basic Macintosh dialogs
        • 5.1. ProgressBar Objects
      • 6. FrameWork — Interactive application framework
        • 6.1. Application Objects
        • 6.2. Window Objects
        • 6.3. ControlsWindow Object
        • 6.4. ScrolledWindow Object
        • 6.5. DialogWindow Objects
      • 7. autoGIL — Global Interpreter Lock handling in event loops
      • 8. Mac OS Toolbox Modules
        • 8.1. Carbon.AE — Apple Events
        • 8.2. Carbon.AH — Apple Help
        • 8.3. Carbon.App — Appearance Manager
        • 8.4. Carbon.Appearance — Appearance Manager constants
        • 8.5. Carbon.CF — Core Foundation
        • 8.6. Carbon.CG — Core Graphics
        • 8.7. Carbon.CarbonEvt — Carbon Event Manager
        • 8.8. Carbon.CarbonEvents — Carbon Event Manager constants
        • 8.9. Carbon.Cm — Component Manager
        • 8.10. Carbon.Components — Component Manager constants
        • 8.11. Carbon.ControlAccessor — Control Manager accssors
        • 8.12. Carbon.Controls — Control Manager constants
        • 8.13. Carbon.CoreFounation — CoreFounation constants
        • 8.14. Carbon.CoreGraphics — CoreGraphics constants
        • 8.15. Carbon.Ctl — Control Manager
        • 8.16. Carbon.Dialogs — Dialog Manager constants
        • 8.17. Carbon.Dlg — Dialog Manager
        • 8.18. Carbon.Drag — Drag and Drop Manager
        • 8.19. Carbon.Dragconst — Drag and Drop Manager constants
        • 8.20. Carbon.Events — Event Manager constants
        • 8.21. Carbon.Evt — Event Manager
        • 8.22. Carbon.File — File Manager
        • 8.23. Carbon.Files — File Manager constants
        • 8.24. Carbon.Fm — Font Manager
        • 8.25. Carbon.Folder — Folder Manager
        • 8.26. Carbon.Folders — Folder Manager constants
        • 8.27. Carbon.Fonts — Font Manager constants
        • 8.28. Carbon.Help — Help Manager
        • 8.29. Carbon.IBCarbon — Carbon InterfaceBuilder
        • 8.30. Carbon.IBCarbonRuntime — Carbon InterfaceBuilder constants
        • 8.31. Carbon.Icn — Carbon Icon Manager
        • 8.32. Carbon.Icons — Carbon Icon Manager constants
        • 8.33. Carbon.Launch — Carbon Launch Services
        • 8.34. Carbon.LaunchServices — Carbon Launch Services constants
        • 8.35. Carbon.List — List Manager
        • 8.36. Carbon.Lists — List Manager constants
        • 8.37. Carbon.MacHelp — Help Manager constants
        • 8.38. Carbon.MediaDescr — Parsers and generators for Quicktime Media descriptors
        • 8.39. Carbon.Menu — Menu Manager
        • 8.40. Carbon.Menus — Menu Manager constants
        • 8.41. Carbon.Mlte — MultiLingual Text Editor
        • 8.42. Carbon.OSA — Carbon OSA Interface
        • 8.43. Carbon.OSAconst — Carbon OSA Interface constants
        • 8.44. Carbon.QDOffscreen — QuickDraw Offscreen constants
        • 8.45. Carbon.Qd — QuickDraw
        • 8.46. Carbon.Qdoffs — QuickDraw Offscreen
        • 8.47. Carbon.Qt — QuickTime
        • 8.48. Carbon.QuickDraw — QuickDraw constants
        • 8.49. Carbon.QuickTime — QuickTime constants
        • 8.50. Carbon.Res — Resource Manager and Handles
        • 8.51. Carbon.Resources — Resource Manager and Handles constants
        • 8.52. Carbon.Scrap — Scrap Manager
        • 8.53. Carbon.Snd — Sound Manager
        • 8.54. Carbon.Sound — Sound Manager constants
        • 8.55. Carbon.TE — TextEdit
        • 8.56. Carbon.TextEdit — TextEdit constants
        • 8.57. Carbon.Win — Window Manager
        • 8.58. Carbon.Windows — Window Manager constants
      • 9. ColorPicker — Color selection dialog
Python Standard Library Doc
  • Docs »
  • Ch 16 - 20
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Ch 16 - 20¶

  • 16 Optional Operating System Services
  • 17 Interprocess Communication and Networking
  • 18 Internet Data Handling
  • 19 Structured Markup Processing Tools
  • 20a Internet Protocols and Support
  • 20b Internet Protocols and Support
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