Python Standard Library Doc

Table of Contents

  • Ch 01 - 05
    • 01 Introduction
    • 02 Built-in Functions
      • Summary Table
      • a-e
      • e-g
      • h-i
      • l-o
      • p-r
      • s-z
    • 03 Non-essential Built-in Functions
    • 04 Built-in Constants
      • Constants added by the site module
    • 05 Built-in Types
      • 1. Truth Value Testing
      • 2. Boolean Operations — and, or, not
      • 3. Comparisons
      • 4. Numeric Types — int, float, long, complex
        • 4.1. Bitwise Operations on Integer Types
        • 4.2. Additional Methods on Integer Types
        • 4.3. Additional Methods on Float
      • 5. Iterator Types
        • 5.1. Generator Types
      • 6. Sequence Types — str, unicode, list, tuple, bytearray, buffer, xrange
        • 6.1. String Methods
        • 6.2. String Formatting Operations
        • 6.3. XRange Type
        • 6.4. Mutable Sequence Types
      • 7. Set Types — set, frozenset
      • 8. Mapping Types — dict
        • 8.1. Dictionary view objects
      • 9. File Objects
      • 10. memoryview type
      • 11. Context Manager Types
      • 12. Other Built-in Types
        • 12.1. Modules
        • 12.2. Classes and Class Instances
        • 12.3. Functions
        • 12.4. Methods
        • 12.5. Code Objects
        • 12.6. Type Objects
        • 12.7. The Null Object
        • 12.8. The Ellipsis Object
        • 12.9. The NotImplemented Object
        • 12.10. Boolean Values
        • 12.11. Internal Objects
      • 13. Special Attributes
  • Ch 06 - 10
    • 06 Built-in Exceptions
      • Exception hierarchy
    • 07. String Services
      • 1. string — Common string operations
        • 1.1. String constants
        • 1.2. Custom String Formatting
        • 1.3. Format String Syntax
          • 1.3.1. Format Specification Mini-Language
          • 1.3.2. Format examples
        • 1.4. Template strings
        • 1.5. String functions
        • 1.6. Deprecated string functions
      • 2. re — Regular expression operations
        • 2.1. Regular Expression Syntax
        • 2.2. Module Contents
        • 2.3. Regular Expression Objects
        • 2.4. Match Objects
        • 2.5. Examples
          • 2.5.1. Checking For a Pair
          • 2.5.2. Simulating scanf()
          • 2.5.3. search() vs. match()
          • 2.5.4. Making a Phonebook
          • 2.5.5. Text Munging
          • 2.5.6. Finding all Adverbs
          • 2.5.7. Finding all Adverbs and their Positions
          • 2.5.8. Raw String Notation
      • 3. struct — Interpret strings as packed binary data
        • 3.1. Functions and Exceptions
        • 3.2. Format Strings
          • 3.2.1. Byte Order, Size, and Alignment
          • 3.2.2. Format Characters
          • 3.2.3. Examples
        • 3.3. Classes
      • 4. difflib — Helpers for computing deltas
        • 4.1. SequenceMatcher Objects
        • 4.2. SequenceMatcher Examples
        • 4.3. Differ Objects
        • 4.4. Differ Example
        • 4.5. A command-line interface to difflib
      • 5. StringIO — Read and write strings as files
      • 6. cStringIO — Faster version of StringIO
      • 7. textwrap — Text wrapping and filling
      • 8. codecs — Codec registry and base classes
        • 8.1. Codec Base Classes
          • 8.1.1. Codec Objects
          • 8.1.2. IncrementalEncoder Objects
          • 8.1.3. IncrementalDecoder Objects
          • 8.1.4. StreamWriter Objects
          • 8.1.5. StreamReader Objects
          • 8.1.6. StreamReaderWriter Objects
          • 8.1.7. StreamRecoder Objects
        • 8.2. Encodings and Unicode
        • 8.3. Standard Encodings
        • 8.4. Python Specific Encodings
        • 8.5. encodings.idna — Internationalized Domain Names in Applications
        • 8.6. encodings.utf_8_sig — UTF-8 codec with BOM signature
      • 9. unicodedata — Unicode Database
      • 10. stringprep — Internet String Preparation
      • 11. (deprecated) fpformat — Floating point conversions
    • 08. Data Types
      • 1. datetime — Basic date and time types
        • 1.1. Available Types
        • 1.2. timedelta Objects
        • 1.3. date Objects
        • 1.4. datetime Objects
        • 1.5. time Objects
        • 1.6. tzinfo Objects
        • 1.7. strftime() and strptime() Behavior
      • 2. calendar — General calendar-related functions
      • 3. collections — High-performance container datatypes
        • 3.1. Counter objects
        • 3.2. deque objects
          • 3.2.1. deque Recipes
        • 3.3. defaultdict objects
          • 3.3.1. defaultdict Examples
        • 3.4. namedtuple() Factory Function for Tuples with Named Fields
        • 3.5. OrderedDict objects
          • 3.5.1. OrderedDict Examples and Recipes
        • 3.6. Collections Abstract Base Classes
      • 4. heapq — Heap queue algorithm
        • 4.1. Basic Examples
        • 4.2. Priority Queue Implementation Notes
        • 4.3. Theory
      • 5. bisect — Array bisection algorithm
        • 5.1. Searching Sorted Lists
        • 5.2. Other Examples
      • 6. array — Efficient arrays of numeric values
      • 7. sets — Unordered collections of unique elements
        • 7.1. Set Objects
        • 7.2. Example
        • 7.3. Protocol for automatic conversion to immutable
        • 7.4. Comparison to the built-in set types
      • 8. sched — Event scheduler
        • 8.1. Scheduler Objects
      • 9. mutex — Mutual exclusion support
        • 9.1. Mutex Objects
      • 10. Queue — A synchronized queue class
        • 10.1. Queue Objects
      • 11. weakref — Weak references
        • 11.1. Weak Reference Objects
        • 11.2. Example
      • 12. UserDict — Class wrapper for dictionary objects
      • 13. UserList — Class wrapper for list objects
      • 14. UserString — Class wrapper for string objects
      • 15. types — Names for built-in types
      • 16. new — Creation of runtime internal objects
      • 17. copy — Shallow and deep copy operations
      • 18. pprint — Data pretty printer
        • 18.1. PrettyPrinter Objects
        • 18.2. pprint Example
      • 19. repr — Alternate repr() implementation
        • 19.1. Repr Objects
        • 19.2. Subclassing Repr Objects
    • 09 Numeric and Mathematical Modules
      • 1. numbers — Numeric abstract base classes
        • 1.1. The numeric tower
        • 1.2. Notes for type implementors
          • 1.2.1. Adding More Numeric ABCs
          • 1.2.2. Implementing the arithmetic operations
      • 2. math — Mathematical functions
        • 2.1. Number-theoretic and representation functions
        • 2.2. Power and logarithmic functions
        • 2.3. Trigonometric functions
        • 2.4. Angular conversion
        • 2.5. Hyperbolic functions
        • 2.6. Special functions
        • 2.7. Constants
      • 3. cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbers
        • 3.1. Conversions to and from polar coordinates
        • 3.2. Power and logarithmic functions
        • 3.3. Trigonometric functions
        • 3.4. Hyperbolic functions
        • 3.5. Classification functions
        • 3.6. Constants
      • 4. decimal — Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic
        • 4.1. Quick-start Tutorial
        • 4.2. Decimal objects
          • 4.2.1. Logical operands
        • 4.3. Context objects
        • 4.4. Signals
        • 4.5. Floating Point Notes
          • 4.5.1. Mitigating round-off error with increased precision
          • 4.5.2. Special values
        • 4.6. Working with threads
        • 4.7. Recipes
        • 4.8. Decimal FAQ
      • 5. fractions — Rational numbers
      • 6. random — Generate pseudo-random numbers
      • 7. itertools — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping
        • 7.1. Itertool functions
        • 7.2. Recipes
      • 8. functools — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects
        • 8.1. partial Objects
      • 9. operator — Standard operators as functions
        • 9.1. Mapping Operators to Functions
    • 10 File and Directory Access
      • 1. os.path — Common pathname manipulations
      • 2. fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
      • 3. stat — Interpreting stat() results
      • 4. statvfs — Constants used with os.statvfs()
      • 5. filecmp — File and Directory Comparisons
        • 5.1. The dircmp class
      • 6. tempfile — Generate temporary files and directories
      • 7. glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansion
      • 8. fnmatch — Unix filename pattern matching
      • 9. linecache — Random access to text lines
      • 10. shutil — High-level file operations
        • 10.1. Directory and files operations
          • 10.1.1. copytree example
        • 10.2. Archiving operations
          • 10.2.1. Archiving example
      • 11. dircache — Cached directory listings
      • 12. macpath — Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions
  • Ch 11 - 15
    • 11. Data Persistence
      • 1. pickle — Python object serialization
        • 1.1. Relationship to other Python modules
        • 1.2. Data stream format
        • 1.3. Usage
        • 1.4. What can be pickled and unpickled?
        • 1.5. The pickle protocol
          • 1.5.1. Pickling and unpickling normal class instances
          • 1.5.2. Pickling and unpickling extension types
          • 1.5.3. Pickling and unpickling external objects
        • 1.6. Subclassing Unpicklers
        • 1.7. Example
      • 2. cPickle — A faster pickle
      • 3. copy_reg — Register pickle support functions
        • 3.1. Example
      • 4. shelve — Python object persistence
        • 4.1. Restrictions
        • 4.2. Example
      • 5. marshal — Internal Python object serialization
      • 6. anydbm — Generic access to DBM-style databases
      • 7. whichdb — Guess which DBM module created a database
      • 8. dbm — Simple “database” interface
      • 9. gdbm — GNU’s reinterpretation of dbm
      • 10. (deprecated) dbhash — DBM-style interface to the BSD database library
        • 10.1. Database Objects
      • 11. (deprecated) bsddb — Interface to Berkeley DB library
        • 11.1. Hash, BTree and Record Objects
      • 12. dumbdbm — Portable DBM implementation
        • 12.1. Dumbdbm Objects
      • 13. sqlite3 — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases
        • 13.1. Module functions and constants
        • 13.2. Connection Objects
        • 13.3. Cursor Objects
        • 13.4. Row Objects
        • 13.5. SQLite and Python types
          • 13.5.1. Introduction
          • 13.5.2. Using adapters to store additional Python types in SQLite databases
            • 13.5.2.1. Letting your object adapt itself
            • 13.5.2.2. Registering an adapter callable
          • 13.5.3. Converting SQLite values to custom Python types
          • 13.5.4. Default adapters and converters
        • 13.6. Controlling Transactions
        • 13.7. Using sqlite3 efficiently
          • 13.7.1. Using shortcut methods
          • 13.7.2. Accessing columns by name instead of by index
          • 13.7.3. Using the connection as a context manager
        • 13.8. Common issues
          • 13.8.1. Multithreading
    • 12 Data Compression and Archiving
      • 1. zlib — Compression compatible with gzip
      • 2. gzip — Support for gzip files
        • 2.1. Examples of usage
      • 3. bz2 — Compression compatible with bzip2
        • 3.1. (De)compression of files
        • 3.2. Sequential (de)compression
        • 3.3. One-shot (de)compression
      • 4. zipfile — Work with ZIP archives
        • 4.1. ZipFile Objects
        • 4.2. PyZipFile Objects
        • 4.3. ZipInfo Objects
      • 5. tarfile — Read and write tar archive files
        • 5.1. TarFile Objects
        • 5.2. TarInfo Objects
        • 5.3. Examples
        • 5.4. Supported tar formats
        • 5.5. Unicode issues
    • 13 File Formats
      • csv — CSV File Reading and Writing
        • Module Contents
        • Dialects and Formatting Parameters
        • Reader Objects
        • Writer Objects
        • Examples
      • ConfigParser — Configuration file parser
        • RawConfigParser Objects
        • ConfigParser Objects
        • SafeConfigParser Objects
        • Examples
      • robotparser — Parser for robots.txt
      • netrc — netrc file processing
        • netrc Objects
      • xdrlib — Encode and decode XDR data
        • Packer Objects
        • Unpacker Objects
        • Exceptions
      • plistlib — Generate and parse Mac OS X .plist files
        • Examples
    • 14 Cryptographic Services
      • 1. hashlib — Secure hashes and message digests
        • 1.1. Key derivation
      • 2. hmac — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication
      • 3. md5 — MD5 message digest algorithm
      • 4. sha — SHA-1 message digest algorithm
    • 15 Generic Operating System Services
      • 1. os — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces
        • 1.1. Process Parameters
        • 1.2. File Object Creation
        • 1.3. File Descriptor Operations
          • 1.3.1. open() flag constants
        • 1.4. Files and Directories
        • 1.5. Process Management
        • 1.6. Miscellaneous System Information
        • 1.7. Miscellaneous Functions
      • 2. io — Core tools for working with streams
        • 2.1. Module Interface
        • 2.2. I/O Base Classes
        • 2.3. Raw File I/O
        • 2.4. Buffered Streams
        • 2.5. Text I/O
        • 2.6. Advanced topics
          • 2.6.1. Performance
            • 2.6.1.1. Binary I/O
            • 2.6.1.2. Text I/O
          • 2.6.2. Multi-threading
          • 2.6.3. Reentrancy
      • 3. argparse — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands
        • 3.1. Example
          • 3.1.1. Creating a parser
          • 3.1.2. Adding arguments
          • 3.1.3. Parsing arguments
        • 3.2. ArgumentParser objects
          • 3.2.1. prog
          • 3.2.2. usage
          • 3.2.3. description
          • 3.2.4. epilog
          • 3.2.5. parents
          • 3.2.6. formatter_class
          • 3.2.7. prefix_chars
          • 3.2.8. fromfile_prefix_chars
          • 3.2.9. argument_default
          • 3.2.10. conflict_handler
          • 3.2.11. add_help
        • 3.3. The add_argument() method
          • 3.3.1. name or flags
          • 3.3.2. action
          • 3.3.3. nargs
          • 3.3.4. const
          • 3.3.5. default
          • 3.3.6. type
          • 3.3.7. choices
          • 3.3.8. required
          • 3.3.9. help
          • 3.3.10. metavar
          • 3.3.11. dest
          • 3.3.12. Action classes
        • 3.4. The parse_args() method
          • 3.4.1. Option value syntax
          • 3.4.2. Invalid arguments
          • 3.4.3. Arguments containing -
          • 3.4.4. Argument abbreviations (prefix matching)
          • 3.4.5. Beyond sys.argv
          • 3.4.6. The Namespace object
        • 3.5. Other utilities
          • 3.5.1. Sub-commands
          • 3.5.2. FileType objects
          • 3.5.3. Argument groups
          • 3.5.4. Mutual exclusion
          • 3.5.5. Parser defaults
          • 3.5.6. Printing help
          • 3.5.7. Partial parsing
          • 3.5.8. Customizing file parsing
          • 3.5.9. Exiting methods
        • 3.6. Upgrading optparse code
      • 4. optparse — Parser for command line options
        • 4.1. Background
          • 4.1.1. Terminology
          • 4.1.2. What are options for?
          • 4.1.3. What are positional arguments for?
        • 4.2. Tutorial
          • 4.2.1. Understanding option actions
          • 4.2.2. The store action
          • 4.2.3. Handling boolean (flag) options
          • 4.2.4. Other actions
          • 4.2.5. Default values
          • 4.2.6. Generating help
            • 4.2.6.1. Grouping Options
          • 4.2.7. Printing a version string
          • 4.2.8. How optparse handles errors
          • 4.2.9. Putting it all together
        • 4.3. Reference Guide
          • 4.3.1. Creating the parser
          • 4.3.2. Populating the parser
          • 4.3.3. Defining options
          • 4.3.4. Option attributes
          • 4.3.5. Standard option actions
          • 4.3.6. Standard option types
          • 4.3.7. Parsing arguments
          • 4.3.8. Querying and manipulating your option parser
          • 4.3.9. Conflicts between options
          • 4.3.10. Cleanup
          • 4.3.11. Other methods
        • 4.4. Option Callbacks
          • 4.4.1. Defining a callback option
          • 4.4.2. How callbacks are called
          • 4.4.3. Raising errors in a callback
          • 4.4.4. Callback example 1: trivial callback
          • 4.4.5. Callback example 2: check option order
          • 4.4.6. Callback example 3: check option order (generalized)
          • 4.4.7. Callback example 4: check arbitrary condition
          • 4.4.8. Callback example 5: fixed arguments
          • 4.4.9. Callback example 6: variable arguments
        • 4.5. Extending optparse
          • 4.5.1. Adding new types
          • 4.5.2. Adding new actions
      • 5. getopt — C-style parser for command line options
      • 6. logging — Logging facility for Python
        • 6.1. Logger Objects
        • 6.2. Logging Levels
        • 6.3. Handler Objects
        • 6.4. Formatter Objects
        • 6.5. Filter Objects
        • 6.6. LogRecord Objects
        • 6.7. LogRecord attributes
        • 6.8. LoggerAdapter Objects
        • 6.9. Thread Safety
        • 6.10. Module-Level Functions
        • 6.11. Integration with the warnings module
      • 7. logging.config — Logging configuration
        • 7.1. Configuration functions
        • 7.2. Configuration dictionary schema
          • 7.2.1. Dictionary Schema Details
          • 7.2.2. Incremental Configuration
          • 7.2.3. Object connections
          • 7.2.4. User-defined objects
          • 7.2.5. Access to external objects
          • 7.2.6. Access to internal objects
          • 7.2.7. Import resolution and custom importers
        • 7.3. Configuration file format
      • 8. logging.handlers — Logging handlers
        • 8.1. StreamHandler
        • 8.2. FileHandler
        • 8.3. NullHandler
        • 8.4. WatchedFileHandler
        • 8.5. RotatingFileHandler
        • 8.6. TimedRotatingFileHandler
        • 8.7. SocketHandler
        • 8.8. DatagramHandler
        • 8.9. SysLogHandler
        • 8.10. NTEventLogHandler
        • 8.11. SMTPHandler
        • 8.12. MemoryHandler
        • 8.13. HTTPHandler
      • 9. getpass — Portable password input
      • 10. curses — Terminal handling for character-cell displays
        • 10.1. Functions
        • 10.2. Window Objects
        • 10.3. Constants
      • 11. curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programs
        • 11.1. Textbox objects
      • 12. curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters
      • 13. curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses
        • 13.1. Functions
        • 13.2. Panel Objects
      • 14. platform — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data
        • 14.1. Cross Platform
        • 14.2. Java Platform
        • 14.3. Windows Platform
          • 14.3.1. Win95/98 specific
        • 14.4. Mac OS Platform
        • 14.5. Unix Platforms
      • 15. errno — Standard errno system symbols
      • 16. ctypes — A foreign function library for Python
        • 16.1. ctypes tutorial
          • 16.1.1. Loading dynamic link libraries
          • 16.1.2. Accessing functions from loaded dlls
          • 16.1.3. Calling functions
          • 16.1.4. Fundamental data types
          • 16.1.5. Calling functions, continued
          • 16.1.6. Calling functions with your own custom data types
          • 16.1.7. Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes)
          • 16.1.8. Return types
          • 16.1.9. Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference)
          • 16.1.10. Structures and unions
          • 16.1.11. Structure/union alignment and byte order
          • 16.1.12. Bit fields in structures and unions
          • 16.1.13. Arrays
          • 16.1.14. Pointers
          • 16.1.15. Type conversions
          • 16.1.16. Incomplete Types
          • 16.1.17. Callback functions
          • 16.1.18. Accessing values exported from dlls
          • 16.1.19. Surprises
          • 16.1.20. Variable-sized data types
        • 16.2. ctypes reference
          • 16.2.1. Finding shared libraries
          • 16.2.2. Loading shared libraries
          • 16.2.3. Foreign functions
          • 16.2.4. Function prototypes
          • 16.2.5. Utility functions
          • 16.2.6. Data types
          • 16.2.7. Fundamental data types
          • 16.2.8. Structured data types
          • 16.2.9. Arrays and pointers
  • Ch 16 - 20
    • 16 Optional Operating System Services
      • 1. select — Waiting for I/O completion
        • 1.1. Edge and Level Trigger Polling (epoll) Objects
        • 1.2. Polling Objects
        • 1.3. Kqueue Objects
        • 1.4. Kevent Objects
      • 2. threading — Higher-level threading interface
        • 2.1. Thread Objects
        • 2.2. Lock Objects
        • 2.3. RLock Objects
        • 2.4. Condition Objects
        • 2.5. Semaphore Objects
          • 2.5.1. Semaphore Example
        • 2.6. Event Objects
        • 2.7. Timer Objects
        • 2.8. Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the with statement
        • 2.9. Importing in threaded code
      • 3. thread — Multiple threads of control
      • 4. dummy_threading — Drop-in replacement for the threading module
      • 5. dummy_thread — Drop-in replacement for the thread module
      • 6. multiprocessing — Process-based “threading” interface
        • 6.1. Introduction
          • 6.1.1. The Process class
          • 6.1.2. Exchanging objects between processes
          • 6.1.3. Synchronization between processes
          • 6.1.4. Sharing state between processes
          • 6.1.5. Using a pool of workers
        • 6.2. Reference
          • 6.2.1. Process and exceptions
          • 6.2.2. Pipes and Queues
          • 6.2.3. Miscellaneous
          • 6.2.4. Connection Objects
          • 6.2.5. Synchronization primitives
          • 6.2.6. Shared ctypes Objects
            • 6.2.6.1. The multiprocessing.sharedctypes module
          • 6.2.7. Managers
            • 6.2.7.1. Customized managers
            • 6.2.7.2. Using a remote manager
          • 6.2.8. Proxy Objects
            • 6.2.8.1. Cleanup
          • 6.2.9. Process Pools
          • 6.2.10. Listeners and Clients
            • 6.2.10.1. Address Formats
          • 6.2.11. Authentication keys
          • 6.2.12. Logging
          • 6.2.13. The multiprocessing.dummy module
        • 6.3. Programming guidelines
          • 6.3.1. All platforms
          • 6.3.2. Windows
        • 6.4. Examples
      • 7. mmap — Memory-mapped file support
      • 8. readline — GNU readline interface
        • 8.1. Init file
        • 8.2. Line buffer
        • 8.3. History file
        • 8.4. History list
        • 8.5. Startup hooks
        • 8.6. Completion
        • 8.7. Example
      • 9. rlcompleter — Completion function for GNU readline
        • 9.1. Completer Objects
    • 17 Interprocess Communication and Networking
      • 1. subprocess — Subprocess management
        • 1.1. Using the subprocess Module
          • 1.1.1. Frequently Used Arguments
          • 1.1.2. Popen Constructor
          • 1.1.3. Exceptions
          • 1.1.4. Security
        • 1.2. Popen Objects
        • 1.3. Windows Popen Helpers
          • 1.3.1. Constants
        • 1.4. Replacing Older Functions with the subprocess Module
          • 1.4.1. Replacing /bin/sh shell backquote
          • 1.4.2. Replacing shell pipeline
          • 1.4.3. Replacing os.system()
          • 1.4.4. Replacing the os.spawn family
          • 1.4.5. Replacing os.popen(), os.popen2(), os.popen3()
          • 1.4.6. Replacing functions from the popen2 module
        • 1.5. Notes
          • 1.5.1. Converting an argument sequence to a string on Windows
      • 2. socket — Low-level networking interface
        • 2.1. Socket Objects
        • 2.2. Example
      • 3. ssl — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects
        • 3.1. Functions, Constants, and Exceptions
          • 3.1.1. Socket creation
          • 3.1.2. Context creation
          • 3.1.3. Random generation
          • 3.1.4. Certificate handling
          • 3.1.5. Constants
        • 3.2. SSL Sockets
        • 3.3. SSL Contexts
        • 3.4. Certificates
          • 3.4.1. Certificate chains
          • 3.4.2. CA certificates
          • 3.4.3. Combined key and certificate
          • 3.4.4. Self-signed certificates
        • 3.5. Examples
          • 3.5.1. Testing for SSL support
          • 3.5.2. Client-side operation
          • 3.5.3. Server-side operation
        • 3.6. Notes on non-blocking sockets
        • 3.7. Security considerations
          • 3.7.1. Best defaults
          • 3.7.2. Manual settings
            • 3.7.2.1. Verifying certificates
            • 3.7.2.2. Protocol versions
            • 3.7.2.3. Cipher selection
          • 3.7.3. Multi-processing
      • 4. signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events
        • 4.1. Example
      • 5. popen2 — Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams
        • 5.1. Popen3 and Popen4 Objects
        • 5.2. Flow Control Issues
      • 6. asyncore — Asynchronous socket handler
        • 6.1. asyncore Example basic HTTP client
        • 6.2. asyncore Example basic echo server
      • 7. asynchat — Asynchronous socket command/response handler
        • 7.1. asynchat - Auxiliary Classes
        • 7.2. asynchat Example
    • 18 Internet Data Handling
      • 1. email — An email and MIME handling package
        • 1.1. Package History
        • 1.2. Differences from mimelib
      • 2. json — JSON encoder and decoder
        • 2.1. Basic Usage
        • 2.2. Encoders and Decoders
        • 2.3. Standard Compliance and Interoperability
          • 2.3.1. Character Encodings
          • 2.3.2. Infinite and NaN Number Values
          • 2.3.3. Repeated Names Within an Object
          • 2.3.4. Top-level Non-Object, Non-Array Values
          • 2.3.5. Implementation Limitations
      • 3. mailcap — Mailcap file handling
      • 4. mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
        • 4.1. Mailbox objects
          • 4.1.1. Maildir
          • 4.1.2. mbox
          • 4.1.3. MH
          • 4.1.4. Babyl
          • 4.1.5. MMDF
        • 4.2. Message objects
          • 4.2.1. MaildirMessage
          • 4.2.2. mboxMessage
          • 4.2.3. MHMessage
          • 4.2.4. BabylMessage
          • 4.2.5. MMDFMessage
        • 4.3. Exceptions
        • 4.4. Deprecated classes and methods
        • 4.5. Examples
      • 5. (depr) mhlib — Access to MH mailboxes
        • 5.1. MH Objects
        • 5.2. Folder Objects
        • 5.3. Message Objects
      • 6. (depr) mimetools — Tools for parsing MIME messages
        • 6.1. Additional Methods of Message Objects
      • 7. mimetypes — Map filenames to MIME types
        • 7.1. MimeTypes Objects
      • 8. (depr) MimeWriter — Generic MIME file writer
        • 8.1. MimeWriter Objects
      • 9. (depr) mimify — MIME processing of mail messages
      • 10. (depr) multifile — Support for files containing distinct parts
        • 10.1. MultiFile Objects
        • 10.2. MultiFile Example
      • 11. (depr) rfc822 — Parse RFC 2822 mail headers
        • 11.1. Message Objects
        • 11.2. AddressList Objects
      • 12. base64 — RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings
      • 13. binhex — Encode and decode binhex4 files
        • 13.1. Notes
      • 14. binascii — Convert between binary and ASCII
      • 15. quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
      • 16. uu — Encode and decode uuencode files
    • 19 Structured Markup Processing Tools
      • 1. HTMLParser — Simple HTML and XHTML parser
        • 1.1. Example HTML Parser Application
        • 1.2. HTMLParser Methods
        • 1.3. Examples
      • 2. (depr) sgmllib — Simple SGML parser
      • 3. (depr) htmllib — A parser for HTML documents
        • 3.1. HTMLParser Objects
      • 4. htmlentitydefs — Definitions of HTML general entities
      • 5. XML Processing Modules
      • 6. XML vulnerabilities
        • 6.1. defused packages
      • 7. xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API
        • 7.1. Tutorial
          • 7.1.1. XML tree and elements
          • 7.1.2. Parsing XML
          • 7.1.3. Finding interesting elements
          • 7.1.4. Modifying an XML File
          • 7.1.5. Building XML documents
          • 7.1.6. Parsing XML with Namespaces
          • 7.1.7. Additional resources
        • 7.2. XPath support
          • 7.2.1. Example
          • 7.2.2. Supported XPath syntax
        • 7.3. Reference
          • 7.3.1. Functions
          • 7.3.2. Element Objects
          • 7.3.3. ElementTree Objects
          • 7.3.4. QName Objects
          • 7.3.5. TreeBuilder Objects
          • 7.3.6. XMLParser Objects
      • 8. xml.dom — The Document Object Model API
        • 8.1. Module Contents
        • 8.2. Objects in the DOM
          • 8.2.1. DOMImplementation Objects
          • 8.2.2. Node Objects
          • 8.2.3. NodeList Objects
          • 8.2.4. DocumentType Objects
          • 8.2.5. Document Objects
          • 8.2.6. Element Objects
          • 8.2.7. Attr Objects
          • 8.2.8. NamedNodeMap Objects
          • 8.2.9. Comment Objects
          • 8.2.10. Text and CDATASection Objects
          • 8.2.11. ProcessingInstruction Objects
          • 8.2.12. Exceptions
        • 8.3. Conformance
          • 8.3.1. Type Mapping
          • 8.3.2. Accessor Methods
      • 9. xml.dom.minidom — Minimal DOM implementation
        • 9.1. DOM Objects
        • 9.2. DOM Example
        • 9.3. minidom and the DOM standard
      • 10. xml.dom.pulldom — Support for building partial DOM trees
        • 10.1. DOMEventStream Objects
      • 11. xml.sax — Support for SAX2 parsers
        • 11.1. SAXException Objects
      • 12. xml.sax.handler — Base classes for SAX handlers
        • 12.1. ContentHandler Objects
        • 12.2. DTDHandler Objects
        • 12.3. EntityResolver Objects
        • 12.4. ErrorHandler Objects
      • 13. xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilities
      • 14. xml.sax.xmlreader — Interface for XML parsers
        • 14.1. XMLReader Objects
        • 14.2. IncrementalParser Objects
        • 14.3. Locator Objects
        • 14.4. InputSource Objects
        • 14.5. The Attributes Interface
        • 14.6. The AttributesNS Interface
      • 15. xml.parsers.expat — Fast XML parsing using Expat
        • 15.1. XMLParser Objects
        • 15.2. ExpatError Exceptions
        • 15.3. Example
        • 15.4. Content Model Descriptions
        • 15.5. Expat error constants
    • 20a Internet Protocols and Support
      • 1. webbrowser — Convenient Web-browser controller
        • 1.1. Browser Controller Objects
      • 2. cgi — Common Gateway Interface support
        • 2.1. Introduction
        • 2.2. Using the cgi module
        • 2.3. Higher Level Interface
        • 2.4. Old classes
        • 2.5. Functions
        • 2.6. Caring about security
        • 2.7. Installing your CGI script on a Unix system
        • 2.8. Testing your CGI script
        • 2.9. Debugging CGI scripts
        • 2.10. Common problems and solutions
      • 3. cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scripts
      • 4. wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation
        • 4.1. wsgiref.util – WSGI environment utilities
        • 4.2. wsgiref.headers – WSGI response header tools
        • 4.3. wsgiref.simple_server – a simple WSGI HTTP server
        • 4.4. wsgiref.validate — WSGI conformance checker
        • 4.5. wsgiref.handlers – server/gateway base classes
        • 4.6. Examples
      • 5. urllib — Open arbitrary resources by URL
        • 5.1. High-level interface
        • 5.2. Utility functions
        • 5.3. URL Opener objects
        • 5.4. urllib Restrictions
        • 5.5. Examples
      • 6. urllib2 — extensible library for opening URLs
        • 6.1. Request Objects
        • 6.2. OpenerDirector Objects
        • 6.3. BaseHandler Objects
        • 6.4. HTTPRedirectHandler Objects
        • 6.5. HTTPCookieProcessor Objects
        • 6.6. ProxyHandler Objects
        • 6.7. HTTPPasswordMgr Objects
        • 6.8. AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects
        • 6.9. HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects
        • 6.10. ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects
        • 6.11. AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects
        • 6.12. HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects
        • 6.13. ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects
        • 6.14. HTTPHandler Objects
        • 6.15. HTTPSHandler Objects
        • 6.16. FileHandler Objects
        • 6.17. FTPHandler Objects
        • 6.18. CacheFTPHandler Objects
        • 6.19. UnknownHandler Objects
        • 6.20. HTTPErrorProcessor Objects
        • 6.21. Examples
      • 7. httplib — HTTP protocol client
        • 7.1. HTTPConnection Objects
        • 7.2. HTTPResponse Objects
        • 7.3. Examples
      • 8. ftplib — FTP protocol client
        • 8.1. FTP Objects
        • 8.2. FTP_TLS Objects
      • 9. poplib — POP3 protocol client
        • 9.1. POP3 Objects
        • 9.2. POP3 Example
      • 10. imaplib — IMAP4 protocol client
        • 10.1. IMAP4 Objects
        • 10.2. IMAP4 Example
      • 11. nntplib — NNTP protocol client
        • 11.1. NNTP Objects
      • 12. smtplib — SMTP protocol client
        • 12.1. SMTP Objects
        • 12.2. SMTP Example
      • 13. smtpd — SMTP Server
        • 13.1. SMTPServer Objects
        • 13.2. DebuggingServer Objects
        • 13.3. PureProxy Objects
        • 13.4. MailmanProxy Objects
    • 20b Internet Protocols and Support
      • 1. telnetlib — Telnet client
        • 1.1. Telnet Objects
        • 1.2. Telnet Example
      • 2. uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122
        • 2.1. Example
      • 3. urlparse — Parse URLs into components
        • 3.1. Results of urlparse() and urlsplit()
      • 4. SocketServer — A framework for network servers
        • 4.1. Server Creation Notes
        • 4.2. Server Objects
        • 4.3. Request Handler Objects
        • 4.4. Examples
          • 4.4.1. SocketServer.TCPServer Example
          • 4.4.2. SocketServer.UDPServer Example
          • 4.4.3. Asynchronous Mixins
      • 5. BaseHTTPServer — Basic HTTP server
        • 5.1. More examples
      • 6. SimpleHTTPServer — Simple HTTP request handler
      • 7. CGIHTTPServer — CGI-capable HTTP request handler
      • 8. cookielib — Cookie handling for HTTP clients
        • 8.1. CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects
        • 8.2. FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers
        • 8.3. CookiePolicy Objects
        • 8.4. DefaultCookiePolicy Objects
        • 8.5. Cookie Objects
        • 8.6. Examples
      • 9. Cookie — HTTP state management
        • 9.1. Cookie Objects
        • 9.2. Morsel Objects
        • 9.3. Example
      • 10. xmlrpclib — XML-RPC client access
        • 10.1. ServerProxy Objects
        • 10.2. Boolean Objects
        • 10.3. DateTime Objects
        • 10.4. Binary Objects
        • 10.5. Fault Objects
        • 10.6. ProtocolError Objects
        • 10.7. MultiCall Objects
        • 10.8. Convenience Functions
        • 10.9. Example of Client Usage
        • 10.10. Example of Client and Server Usage
      • 11. SimpleXMLRPCServer — Basic XML-RPC server
        • 11.1. SimpleXMLRPCServer Objects
          • 11.1.1. SimpleXMLRPCServer Example
        • 11.2. CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
      • 12. DocXMLRPCServer — Self-documenting XML-RPC server
        • 12.1. DocXMLRPCServer Objects
        • 12.2. DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
  • Ch 21 - 25
    • 21 Multimedia Services
      • 1. audioop — Manipulate raw audio data
      • 2. imageop — Manipulate raw image data
      • 3. aifc — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
      • 4. sunau — Read and write Sun AU files
        • 4.1. AU_read Objects
        • 4.2. AU_write Objects
      • 5. wave — Read and write WAV files
        • 5.1. Wave_read Objects
        • 5.2. Wave_write Objects
      • 6. chunk — Read IFF chunked data
      • 7. colorsys — Conversions between color systems
      • 8. imghdr — Determine the type of an image
      • 9. sndhdr — Determine type of sound file
      • 10. ossaudiodev — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
        • 10.1. Audio Device Objects
        • 10.2. Mixer Device Objects
    • 22 Internationalization
      • 1. gettext — Multilingual internationalization services
        • 1.1. GNU gettext API
        • 1.2. Class-based API
          • 1.2.1. The NullTranslations class
          • 1.2.2. The GNUTranslations class
          • 1.2.3. Solaris message catalog support
          • 1.2.4. The Catalog constructor
        • 1.3. Internationalizing your programs and modules
          • 1.3.1. Localizing your module
          • 1.3.2. Localizing your application
          • 1.3.3. Changing languages on the fly
          • 1.3.4. Deferred translations
          • 1.3.5. gettext() vs. lgettext()
        • 1.4. Acknowledgements
      • 2. locale — Internationalization services
        • 2.1. Background, details, hints, tips and caveats
        • 2.2. For extension writers and programs that embed Python
        • 2.3. Access to message catalogs
    • 23 Program Frameworks
      • 1. cmd — Support for line-oriented command interpreters
        • 1.1. Cmd Objects
      • 2. shlex — Simple lexical analysis
        • 2.1. shlex Objects
        • 2.2. Parsing Rules
    • 24 Graphical User Interfaces with Tk
      • 1. Tkinter — Python interface to Tcl/Tk
        • 1.1. Tkinter Modules
        • 1.2. Tkinter Life Preserver
          • 1.2.1. How To Use This Section
          • 1.2.2. A Simple Hello World Program
        • 1.3. A (Very) Quick Look at Tcl/Tk
        • 1.4. Mapping Basic Tk into Tkinter
        • 1.5. How Tk and Tkinter are Related
        • 1.6. Handy Reference
          • 1.6.1. Setting Options
          • 1.6.2. The Packer
          • 1.6.3. Packer Options
          • 1.6.4. Coupling Widget Variables
          • 1.6.5. The Window Manager
          • 1.6.6. Tk Option Data Types
          • 1.6.7. Bindings and Events
          • 1.6.8. The index Parameter
          • 1.6.9. Images
        • 1.7. File Handlers
      • 2. ttk — Tk themed widgets
        • 2.1. Using Ttk
        • 2.2. Ttk Widgets
        • 2.3. Widget
          • 2.3.1. Standard Options
          • 2.3.2. Scrollable Widget Options
          • 2.3.3. Label Options
          • 2.3.4. Compatibility Options
          • 2.3.5. Widget States
          • 2.3.6. ttk.Widget
        • 2.4. Combobox
          • 2.4.1. Options
          • 2.4.2. Virtual events
          • 2.4.3. ttk.Combobox
        • 2.5. Notebook
          • 2.5.1. Options
          • 2.5.2. Tab Options
          • 2.5.3. Tab Identifiers
          • 2.5.4. Virtual Events
          • 2.5.5. ttk.Notebook
        • 2.6. Progressbar
          • 2.6.1. Options
          • 2.6.2. ttk.Progressbar
        • 2.7. Separator
          • 2.7.1. Options
        • 2.8. Sizegrip
          • 2.8.1. Platform-specific notes
          • 2.8.2. Bugs
        • 2.9. Treeview
          • 2.9.1. Options
          • 2.9.2. Item Options
          • 2.9.3. Tag Options
          • 2.9.4. Column Identifiers
          • 2.9.5. Virtual Events
          • 2.9.6. ttk.Treeview
        • 2.10. Ttk Styling
          • 2.10.1. Layouts
      • 3. Tix — Extension widgets for Tk
        • 3.1. Using Tix
        • 3.2. Tix Widgets
          • 3.2.1. Basic Widgets
          • 3.2.2. File Selectors
          • 3.2.3. Hierarchical ListBox
          • 3.2.4. Tabular ListBox
          • 3.2.5. Manager Widgets
          • 3.2.6. Image Types
          • 3.2.7. Miscellaneous Widgets
          • 3.2.8. Form Geometry Manager
        • 3.3. Tix Commands
      • 4. ScrolledText — Scrolled Text Widget
      • 5. turtle — Turtle graphics for Tk
        • 5.1. Introduction
        • 5.2. Overview over available Turtle and Screen methods
          • 5.2.1. Turtle methods
          • 5.2.2. Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen
        • 5.3. Methods of RawTurtle/Turtle and corresponding functions
          • 5.3.1. Turtle motion
          • 5.3.2. Tell Turtle’s state
          • 5.3.3. Settings for measurement
          • 5.3.4. Pen control
            • 5.3.4.1. Drawing state
            • 5.3.4.2. Color control
            • 5.3.4.3. Filling
            • 5.3.4.4. More drawing control
          • 5.3.5. Turtle state
            • 5.3.5.1. Visibility
            • 5.3.5.2. Appearance
          • 5.3.6. Using events
          • 5.3.7. Special Turtle methods
          • 5.3.8. Excursus about the use of compound shapes
        • 5.4. Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen and corresponding functions
          • 5.4.1. Window control
          • 5.4.2. Animation control
          • 5.4.3. Using screen events
          • 5.4.4. Settings and special methods
          • 5.4.5. Methods specific to Screen, not inherited from TurtleScreen
        • 5.5. The public classes of the module turtle
        • 5.6. Help and configuration
          • 5.6.1. How to use help
          • 5.6.2. Translation of docstrings into different languages
          • 5.6.3. How to configure Screen and Turtles
        • 5.7. Demo scripts
      • 6. IDLE
        • 6.1. Menus
          • 6.1.1. File menu (Shell and Editor)
          • 6.1.2. Edit menu (Shell and Editor)
          • 6.1.3. Format menu (Editor window only)
          • 6.1.4. Run menu (Editor window only)
          • 6.1.5. Shell menu (Shell window only)
          • 6.1.6. Debug menu (Shell window only)
          • 6.1.7. Options menu (Shell and Editor)
          • 6.1.8. Window menu (Shell and Editor)
          • 6.1.9. Help menu (Shell and Editor)
          • 6.1.10. Context Menus
        • 6.2. Editing and navigation
          • 6.2.1. Automatic indentation
          • 6.2.2. Completions
          • 6.2.3. Calltips
          • 6.2.4. Python Shell window
          • 6.2.5. Text colors
        • 6.3. Startup and code execution
          • 6.3.1. Command line usage
          • 6.3.2. IDLE-console differences
          • 6.3.3. Running without a subprocess
        • 6.4. Help and preferences
          • 6.4.1. Additional help sources
          • 6.4.2. Setting preferences
          • 6.4.3. Extensions
      • 7. Other Graphical User Interface Packages
    • 25 Development Tools
      • 1. pydoc — Documentation generator and online help system
      • 2. doctest — Test interactive Python examples
        • 2.1. Simple Usage: Checking Examples in Docstrings
        • 2.2. Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text File
        • 2.3. How It Works
          • 2.3.1. Which Docstrings Are Examined?
          • 2.3.2. How are Docstring Examples Recognized?
          • 2.3.3. What’s the Execution Context?
          • 2.3.4. What About Exceptions?
          • 2.3.5. Option Flags
          • 2.3.6. Directives
          • 2.3.7. Warnings
        • 2.4. Basic API
        • 2.5. Unittest API
        • 2.6. Advanced API
          • 2.6.1. DocTest Objects
          • 2.6.2. Example Objects
          • 2.6.3. DocTestFinder objects
          • 2.6.4. DocTestParser objects
          • 2.6.5. DocTestRunner objects
          • 2.6.6. OutputChecker objects
        • 2.7. Debugging
        • 2.8. Soapbox
      • 3. unittest — Unit testing framework
        • 3.1. Basic example
        • 3.2. Command-Line Interface
          • 3.2.1. Command-line options
        • 3.3. Test Discovery
        • 3.4. Organizing test code
        • 3.5. Re-using old test code
        • 3.6. Skipping tests and expected failures
        • 3.7. Classes and functions
          • 3.7.1. Test cases
            • 3.7.1.1. Deprecated aliases
          • 3.7.2. Grouping tests
          • 3.7.3. Loading and running tests
            • 3.7.3.1. load_tests Protocol
        • 3.8. Class and Module Fixtures
          • 3.8.1. setUpClass and tearDownClass
          • 3.8.2. setUpModule and tearDownModule
        • 3.9. Signal Handling
      • 4. 2to3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation
        • 4.1. Using 2to3
        • 4.2. Fixers
        • 4.3. lib2to3 - 2to3’s library
      • 5. test — Regression tests package for Python
        • 5.1. Writing Unit Tests for the test package
        • 5.2. Running tests using the command-line interface
      • 6. test.test_support — Utility functions for tests
  • Ch 26 - 30
    • 26. Debugging and Profiling
      • 1. bdb — Debugger framework
      • 2. pdb — The Python Debugger
        • 2.1. Debugger Commands
      • 3. cProfile, profile — The Python Profilers
        • 3.1. Introduction to the profilers
        • 3.2. Instant User’s Manual
        • 3.3. profile and cProfile Module Reference
        • 3.4. The Stats Class
        • 3.5. What Is Deterministic Profiling?
        • 3.6. Limitations
        • 3.7. Calibration
        • 3.8. Using a custom timer
      • 4. hotshot — High performance logging profiler
        • 4.1. Profile Objects
        • 4.2. Using hotshot data
        • 4.3. Example Usage
      • 5. timeit — Measure execution time of small code snippets
        • 5.1. Basic Examples
        • 5.2. Python Interface
        • 5.3. Command-Line Interface
        • 5.4. Examples
      • 6. trace — Trace or track Python statement execution
        • 6.1. Command-Line Usage
          • 6.1.1. Main options
          • 6.1.2. Modifiers
          • 6.1.3. Filters
        • 6.2. Programmatic Interface
    • 27 Software Packaging and Distribution
      • 1. distutils — Building and installing Python modules
      • 2. ensurepip — Bootstrapping the pip installer
        • 2.1. Command line interface
        • 2.2. Module API
    • 28 Python Runtime Services
      • 1. sys — System-specific parameters and functions
      • 2. sysconfig — Provide access to Python’s configuration information
        • 2.1. Configuration variables
        • 2.2. Installation paths
        • 2.3. Other functions
      • 3. __builtin__ — Built-in objects
      • 4. future_builtins — Python 3 builtins
      • 5. __main__ — Top-level script environment
      • 6. warnings — Warning control
        • 6.1. Warning Categories
        • 6.2. The Warnings Filter
          • 6.2.1. Default Warning Filters
        • 6.3. Temporarily Suppressing Warnings
        • 6.4. Testing Warnings
        • 6.5. Updating Code For New Versions of Python
        • 6.6. Available Functions
        • 6.7. Available Context Managers
      • 7. contextlib — Utilities for with-statement contexts
      • 8. abc — Abstract Base Classes
      • 9. atexit — Exit handlers
        • 9.1. atexit Example
      • 10. traceback — Print or retrieve a stack traceback
        • 10.1. Traceback Examples
      • 11. __future__ — Future statement definitions
      • 12. gc — Garbage Collector interface
      • 13. inspect — Inspect live objects
        • 13.1. Types and members
        • 13.2. Retrieving source code
        • 13.3. Classes and functions
        • 13.4. The interpreter stack
      • 14. site — Site-specific configuration hook
      • 15. user — User-specific configuration hook
      • 16. fpectl — Floating point exception control
        • 16.1. Example
        • 16.2. Limitations and other considerations
    • 29 Custom Python Interpreters
      • 1. code — Interpreter base classes
        • 1.1. Interactive Interpreter Objects
        • 1.2. Interactive Console Objects
      • 2. codeop — Compile Python code
    • 30 Restricted Execution
      • 1. rexec — Restricted execution framework
        • 1.1. RExec Objects
        • 1.2. Defining restricted environments
        • 1.3. An example
      • 2. Bastion — Restricting access to objects
  • Ch 31 - 37
    • 31 Importing Modules
      • 1. imp — Access the import internals
        • 1.1. Examples
      • 2. importlib – Convenience wrappers for __import__()
      • 3. (depr) imputil — Import utilities
        • 3.1. Examples
      • 4. zipimport — Import modules from Zip archives
        • 4.1. zipimporter Objects
        • 4.2. Examples
      • 5. pkgutil — Package extension utility
      • 6. modulefinder — Find modules used by a script
        • 6.1. Example usage of ModuleFinder
      • 7. runpy — Locating and executing Python modules
    • 32 Python Language Services
      • 1. parser — Access Python parse trees
        • 1.1. Creating ST Objects
        • 1.2. Converting ST Objects
        • 1.3. Queries on ST Objects
        • 1.4. Exceptions and Error Handling
        • 1.5. ST Objects
        • 1.6. Example: Emulation of compile()
      • 2. ast — Abstract Syntax Trees
        • 2.1. Node classes
        • 2.2. Abstract Grammar
        • 2.3. ast Helpers
      • 3. symtable — Access to the compiler’s symbol tables
        • 3.1. Generating Symbol Tables
        • 3.2. Examining Symbol Tables
      • 4. symbol — Constants used with Python parse trees
      • 5. token — Constants used with Python parse trees
      • 6. keyword — Testing for Python keywords
      • 7. tokenize — Tokenizer for Python source
      • 8. tabnanny — Detection of ambiguous indentation
      • 9. pyclbr — Python class browser support
        • 9.1. Class Objects
        • 9.2. Function Objects
      • 10. py_compile — Compile Python source files
      • 11. compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries
        • 11.1. Command-line use
        • 11.2. Public functions
      • 12. dis — Disassembler for Python bytecode
        • 12.1. Python Bytecode Instructions
      • 13. pickletools — Tools for pickle developers
    • 33 (depr) Python compiler package
      • The basic interface
      • Limitations
      • Python Abstract Syntax
        • AST Nodes
        • Assignment nodes
        • Examples
      • Using Visitors to Walk ASTs
      • Bytecode Generation
    • 34. Miscellaneous Services
      • 1. formatter — Generic output formatting
        • 1.1. The Formatter Interface
        • 1.2. Formatter Implementations
        • 1.3. The Writer Interface
        • 1.4. Writer Implementations
    • 35 MS Windows Specific Services
      • 1. msilib — Read and write Microsoft Installer files
        • 1.1. Database Objects
        • 1.2. View Objects
        • 1.3. Summary Information Objects
        • 1.4. Record Objects
        • 1.5. Errors
        • 1.6. CAB Objects
        • 1.7. Directory Objects
        • 1.8. Features
        • 1.9. GUI classes
        • 1.10. Precomputed tables
      • 2. msvcrt – Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
        • 2.1. File Operations
        • 2.2. Console I/O
        • 2.3. Other Functions
      • 3. _winreg – Windows registry access
        • 3.1. Constants
          • 3.1.1. HKEY_* Constants
          • 3.1.2. Access Rights
            • 3.1.2.1. 64-bit Specific
          • 3.1.3. Value Types
        • 3.2. Registry Handle Objects
      • 4. winsound — Sound-playing interface for Windows
    • 36. Unix Specific Services
      • 1. posix — The most common POSIX system calls
        • 1.1. Large File Support
        • 1.2. Notable Module Contents
      • 2. pwd — The password database
      • 3. spwd — The shadow password database
      • 4. grp — The group database
      • 5. crypt — Function to check Unix passwords
      • 6. (deprecated) dl — Call C functions in shared objects
        • 6.1. Dl Objects
      • 7. termios — POSIX style tty control
        • 7.1. Example
      • 8. tty — Terminal control functions
      • 9. pty — Pseudo-terminal utilities
      • 10. fcntl — The fcntl and ioctl system calls
      • 11. pipes — Interface to shell pipelines
        • 11.1. Template Objects
      • 12. posixfile — File-like objects with locking support
      • 13. resource — Resource usage information
        • 13.1. Resource Limits
        • 13.2. Resource Usage
      • 14. nis — Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages)
      • 15. syslog — Unix syslog library routines
        • 15.1. Examples
          • 15.1.1. Simple example
      • 16. (deprecated) commands — Utilities for running commands
    • 37 Mac OS X specific services
      • 1. ic — Access to the Mac OS X Internet Config
        • 1.1. IC Objects
      • 2. MacOS — Access to Mac OS interpreter features
      • 3. macostools — Convenience routines for file manipulation
      • 4. findertools — The finder‘s Apple Events interface
      • 5. EasyDialogs — Basic Macintosh dialogs
        • 5.1. ProgressBar Objects
      • 6. FrameWork — Interactive application framework
        • 6.1. Application Objects
        • 6.2. Window Objects
        • 6.3. ControlsWindow Object
        • 6.4. ScrolledWindow Object
        • 6.5. DialogWindow Objects
      • 7. autoGIL — Global Interpreter Lock handling in event loops
      • 8. Mac OS Toolbox Modules
        • 8.1. Carbon.AE — Apple Events
        • 8.2. Carbon.AH — Apple Help
        • 8.3. Carbon.App — Appearance Manager
        • 8.4. Carbon.Appearance — Appearance Manager constants
        • 8.5. Carbon.CF — Core Foundation
        • 8.6. Carbon.CG — Core Graphics
        • 8.7. Carbon.CarbonEvt — Carbon Event Manager
        • 8.8. Carbon.CarbonEvents — Carbon Event Manager constants
        • 8.9. Carbon.Cm — Component Manager
        • 8.10. Carbon.Components — Component Manager constants
        • 8.11. Carbon.ControlAccessor — Control Manager accssors
        • 8.12. Carbon.Controls — Control Manager constants
        • 8.13. Carbon.CoreFounation — CoreFounation constants
        • 8.14. Carbon.CoreGraphics — CoreGraphics constants
        • 8.15. Carbon.Ctl — Control Manager
        • 8.16. Carbon.Dialogs — Dialog Manager constants
        • 8.17. Carbon.Dlg — Dialog Manager
        • 8.18. Carbon.Drag — Drag and Drop Manager
        • 8.19. Carbon.Dragconst — Drag and Drop Manager constants
        • 8.20. Carbon.Events — Event Manager constants
        • 8.21. Carbon.Evt — Event Manager
        • 8.22. Carbon.File — File Manager
        • 8.23. Carbon.Files — File Manager constants
        • 8.24. Carbon.Fm — Font Manager
        • 8.25. Carbon.Folder — Folder Manager
        • 8.26. Carbon.Folders — Folder Manager constants
        • 8.27. Carbon.Fonts — Font Manager constants
        • 8.28. Carbon.Help — Help Manager
        • 8.29. Carbon.IBCarbon — Carbon InterfaceBuilder
        • 8.30. Carbon.IBCarbonRuntime — Carbon InterfaceBuilder constants
        • 8.31. Carbon.Icn — Carbon Icon Manager
        • 8.32. Carbon.Icons — Carbon Icon Manager constants
        • 8.33. Carbon.Launch — Carbon Launch Services
        • 8.34. Carbon.LaunchServices — Carbon Launch Services constants
        • 8.35. Carbon.List — List Manager
        • 8.36. Carbon.Lists — List Manager constants
        • 8.37. Carbon.MacHelp — Help Manager constants
        • 8.38. Carbon.MediaDescr — Parsers and generators for Quicktime Media descriptors
        • 8.39. Carbon.Menu — Menu Manager
        • 8.40. Carbon.Menus — Menu Manager constants
        • 8.41. Carbon.Mlte — MultiLingual Text Editor
        • 8.42. Carbon.OSA — Carbon OSA Interface
        • 8.43. Carbon.OSAconst — Carbon OSA Interface constants
        • 8.44. Carbon.QDOffscreen — QuickDraw Offscreen constants
        • 8.45. Carbon.Qd — QuickDraw
        • 8.46. Carbon.Qdoffs — QuickDraw Offscreen
        • 8.47. Carbon.Qt — QuickTime
        • 8.48. Carbon.QuickDraw — QuickDraw constants
        • 8.49. Carbon.QuickTime — QuickTime constants
        • 8.50. Carbon.Res — Resource Manager and Handles
        • 8.51. Carbon.Resources — Resource Manager and Handles constants
        • 8.52. Carbon.Scrap — Scrap Manager
        • 8.53. Carbon.Snd — Sound Manager
        • 8.54. Carbon.Sound — Sound Manager constants
        • 8.55. Carbon.TE — TextEdit
        • 8.56. Carbon.TextEdit — TextEdit constants
        • 8.57. Carbon.Win — Window Manager
        • 8.58. Carbon.Windows — Window Manager constants
      • 9. ColorPicker — Color selection dialog
Python Standard Library Doc
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  • 20b Internet Protocols and Support
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20b Internet Protocols and Support¶

The modules described in this chapter implement Internet protocols and support for related technology. They are all implemented in Python. Most of these modules require the presence of the system-dependent module socket, which is currently supported on most popular platforms. Here is an overview:

  • 1. telnetlib — Telnet client
  • 2. uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122
  • 3. urlparse — Parse URLs into components
  • 4. SocketServer — A framework for network servers
  • 5. BaseHTTPServer — Basic HTTP server
  • 6. SimpleHTTPServer — Simple HTTP request handler
  • 7. CGIHTTPServer — CGI-capable HTTP request handler
  • 8. cookielib — Cookie handling for HTTP clients
  • 9. Cookie — HTTP state management
  • 10. xmlrpclib — XML-RPC client access
  • 11. SimpleXMLRPCServer — Basic XML-RPC server
  • 12. DocXMLRPCServer — Self-documenting XML-RPC server
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