Table of Contents (expanded)¶

• 01 Introduction
• 02 Built-in Functions
  • Summary Table
  • a-e
  • e-g
  • h-i
  • l-o
  • p-r
  • s-z
• 03 Non-essential Built-in Functions
• 04 Built-in Constants
  • Constants added by the site module
• 05 Built-in Types
  • 1. Truth Value Testing
  • 2. Boolean Operations — and, or, not
  • 3. Comparisons
  • 4. Numeric Types — int, float, long, complex
  • 5. Iterator Types
  • 6. Sequence Types — str, unicode, list, tuple, bytearray, buffer, xrange
  • 7. Set Types — set, frozenset
  • 8. Mapping Types — dict
  • 9. File Objects
  • 10. memoryview type
  • 11. Context Manager Types
  • 12. Other Built-in Types
  • 13. Special Attributes
• 06 Built-in Exceptions
  • Exception hierarchy
• 07. String Services
  • 1. string — Common string operations
  • 2. re — Regular expression operations
  • 3. struct — Interpret strings as packed binary data
  • 4. difflib — Helpers for computing deltas
  • 5. StringIO — Read and write strings as files
  • 6. cStringIO — Faster version of StringIO
  • 7. textwrap — Text wrapping and filling
  • 8. codecs — Codec registry and base classes
  • 9. unicodedata — Unicode Database
  • 10. stringprep — Internet String Preparation
  • 11. (deprecated) fpformat — Floating point conversions
• 08. Data Types
  • 1. datetime — Basic date and time types
  • 2. calendar — General calendar-related functions
  • 3. collections — High-performance container datatypes
  • 4. heapq — Heap queue algorithm
  • 5. bisect — Array bisection algorithm
  • 6. array — Efficient arrays of numeric values
  • 7. sets — Unordered collections of unique elements
  • 8. sched — Event scheduler
  • 9. mutex — Mutual exclusion support
  • 10. Queue — A synchronized queue class
  • 11. weakref — Weak references
  • 12. UserDict — Class wrapper for dictionary objects
  • 13. UserList — Class wrapper for list objects
  • 14. UserString — Class wrapper for string objects
  • 15. types — Names for built-in types
  • 16. new — Creation of runtime internal objects
  • 17. copy — Shallow and deep copy operations
  • 18. pprint — Data pretty printer
  • 19. repr — Alternate repr() implementation
• 09 Numeric and Mathematical Modules
  • 1. numbers — Numeric abstract base classes
  • 2. math — Mathematical functions
  • 3. cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbers
  • 4. decimal — Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic
  • 5. fractions — Rational numbers
  • 6. random — Generate pseudo-random numbers
  • 7. itertools — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping
  • 8. functools — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects
  • 9. operator — Standard operators as functions
• 10 File and Directory Access
  • 1. os.path — Common pathname manipulations
  • 2. fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
  • 3. stat — Interpreting stat() results
  • 4. statvfs — Constants used with os.statvfs()
  • 5. filecmp — File and Directory Comparisons
  • 6. tempfile — Generate temporary files and directories
  • 7. glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansion
  • 8. fnmatch — Unix filename pattern matching
  • 9. linecache — Random access to text lines
  • 10. shutil — High-level file operations
  • 11. dircache — Cached directory listings
  • 12. macpath — Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions
• 11. Data Persistence
  • 1. pickle — Python object serialization
  • 2. cPickle — A faster pickle
  • 3. copy_reg — Register pickle support functions
  • 4. shelve — Python object persistence
  • 5. marshal — Internal Python object serialization
  • 6. anydbm — Generic access to DBM-style databases
  • 7. whichdb — Guess which DBM module created a database
  • 8. dbm — Simple “database” interface
  • 9. gdbm — GNU’s reinterpretation of dbm
  • 10. (deprecated) dbhash — DBM-style interface to the BSD database library
  • 11. (deprecated) bsddb — Interface to Berkeley DB library
  • 12. dumbdbm — Portable DBM implementation
  • 13. sqlite3 — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases
• 12 Data Compression and Archiving
  • 1. zlib — Compression compatible with gzip
  • 2. gzip — Support for gzip files
  • 3. bz2 — Compression compatible with bzip2
  • 4. zipfile — Work with ZIP archives
  • 5. tarfile — Read and write tar archive files
• 13 File Formats
  • csv — CSV File Reading and Writing
  • ConfigParser — Configuration file parser
  • robotparser — Parser for robots.txt
  • netrc — netrc file processing
  • xdrlib — Encode and decode XDR data
  • plistlib — Generate and parse Mac OS X .plist files
• 14 Cryptographic Services
  • 1. hashlib — Secure hashes and message digests
  • 2. hmac — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication
  • 3. md5 — MD5 message digest algorithm
  • 4. sha — SHA-1 message digest algorithm
• 15 Generic Operating System Services
  • 1. os — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces
  • 2. io — Core tools for working with streams
  • 3. argparse — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands
  • 4. optparse — Parser for command line options
  • 5. getopt — C-style parser for command line options
  • 6. logging — Logging facility for Python
  • 7. logging.config — Logging configuration
  • 8. logging.handlers — Logging handlers
  • 9. getpass — Portable password input
  • 10. curses — Terminal handling for character-cell displays
  • 11. curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programs
  • 12. curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters
  • 13. curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses
  • 14. platform — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data
  • 15. errno — Standard errno system symbols
  • 16. ctypes — A foreign function library for Python
• 16 Optional Operating System Services
  • 1. select — Waiting for I/O completion
  • 2. threading — Higher-level threading interface
  • 3. thread — Multiple threads of control
  • 4. dummy_threading — Drop-in replacement for the threading module
  • 5. dummy_thread — Drop-in replacement for the thread module
  • 6. multiprocessing — Process-based “threading” interface
  • 7. mmap — Memory-mapped file support
  • 8. readline — GNU readline interface
  • 9. rlcompleter — Completion function for GNU readline
• 17 Interprocess Communication and Networking
  • 1. subprocess — Subprocess management
  • 2. socket — Low-level networking interface
  • 3. ssl — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects
  • 4. signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events
  • 5. popen2 — Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams
  • 6. asyncore — Asynchronous socket handler
  • 7. asynchat — Asynchronous socket command/response handler
• 18 Internet Data Handling
  • 1. email — An email and MIME handling package
  • 2. json — JSON encoder and decoder
  • 3. mailcap — Mailcap file handling
  • 4. mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
  • 5. (depr) mhlib — Access to MH mailboxes
  • 6. (depr) mimetools — Tools for parsing MIME messages
  • 7. mimetypes — Map filenames to MIME types
  • 8. (depr) MimeWriter — Generic MIME file writer
  • 9. (depr) mimify — MIME processing of mail messages
  • 10. (depr) multifile — Support for files containing distinct parts
  • 11. (depr) rfc822 — Parse RFC 2822 mail headers
  • 12. base64 — RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings
  • 13. binhex — Encode and decode binhex4 files
  • 14. binascii — Convert between binary and ASCII
  • 15. quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
  • 16. uu — Encode and decode uuencode files
• 19 Structured Markup Processing Tools
  • 1. HTMLParser — Simple HTML and XHTML parser
  • 2. (depr) sgmllib — Simple SGML parser
  • 3. (depr) htmllib — A parser for HTML documents
  • 4. htmlentitydefs — Definitions of HTML general entities
  • 5. XML Processing Modules
  • 6. XML vulnerabilities
  • 7. xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API
  • 8. xml.dom — The Document Object Model API
  • 9. xml.dom.minidom — Minimal DOM implementation
  • 10. xml.dom.pulldom — Support for building partial DOM trees
  • 11. xml.sax — Support for SAX2 parsers
  • 12. xml.sax.handler — Base classes for SAX handlers
  • 13. xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilities
  • 14. xml.sax.xmlreader — Interface for XML parsers
  • 15. xml.parsers.expat — Fast XML parsing using Expat
• 20a Internet Protocols and Support
  • 1. webbrowser — Convenient Web-browser controller
  • 2. cgi — Common Gateway Interface support
  • 3. cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scripts
  • 4. wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation
  • 5. urllib — Open arbitrary resources by URL
  • 6. urllib2 — extensible library for opening URLs
  • 7. httplib — HTTP protocol client
  • 8. ftplib — FTP protocol client
  • 9. poplib — POP3 protocol client
  • 10. imaplib — IMAP4 protocol client
  • 11. nntplib — NNTP protocol client
  • 12. smtplib — SMTP protocol client
  • 13. smtpd — SMTP Server
• 20b Internet Protocols and Support
  • 1. telnetlib — Telnet client
  • 2. uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122
  • 3. urlparse — Parse URLs into components
  • 4. SocketServer — A framework for network servers
  • 5. BaseHTTPServer — Basic HTTP server
  • 6. SimpleHTTPServer — Simple HTTP request handler
  • 7. CGIHTTPServer — CGI-capable HTTP request handler
  • 8. cookielib — Cookie handling for HTTP clients
  • 9. Cookie — HTTP state management
  • 10. xmlrpclib — XML-RPC client access
  • 11. SimpleXMLRPCServer — Basic XML-RPC server
  • 12. DocXMLRPCServer — Self-documenting XML-RPC server
• 21 Multimedia Services
  • 1. audioop — Manipulate raw audio data
  • 2. imageop — Manipulate raw image data
  • 3. aifc — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
  • 4. sunau — Read and write Sun AU files
  • 5. wave — Read and write WAV files
  • 6. chunk — Read IFF chunked data
  • 7. colorsys — Conversions between color systems
  • 8. imghdr — Determine the type of an image
  • 9. sndhdr — Determine type of sound file
  • 10. ossaudiodev — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
• 22 Internationalization
  • 1. gettext — Multilingual internationalization services
  • 2. locale — Internationalization services
• 23 Program Frameworks
  • 1. cmd — Support for line-oriented command interpreters
  • 2. shlex — Simple lexical analysis
• 24 Graphical User Interfaces with Tk
  • 1. Tkinter — Python interface to Tcl/Tk
  • 2. ttk — Tk themed widgets
  • 3. Tix — Extension widgets for Tk
  • 4. ScrolledText — Scrolled Text Widget
  • 5. turtle — Turtle graphics for Tk
  • 6. IDLE
  • 7. Other Graphical User Interface Packages
• 25 Development Tools
  • 1. pydoc — Documentation generator and online help system
  • 2. doctest — Test interactive Python examples
  • 3. unittest — Unit testing framework
  • 4. 2to3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation
  • 5. test — Regression tests package for Python
  • 6. test.test_support — Utility functions for tests
• 26. Debugging and Profiling
  • 1. bdb — Debugger framework
  • 2. pdb — The Python Debugger
  • 3. cProfile, profile — The Python Profilers
  • 4. hotshot — High performance logging profiler
  • 5. timeit — Measure execution time of small code snippets
  • 6. trace — Trace or track Python statement execution
• 27 Software Packaging and Distribution
  • 1. distutils — Building and installing Python modules
  • 2. ensurepip — Bootstrapping the pip installer
• 28 Python Runtime Services
  • 1. sys — System-specific parameters and functions
  • 2. sysconfig — Provide access to Python’s configuration information
  • 3. __builtin__ — Built-in objects
  • 4. future_builtins — Python 3 builtins
  • 5. __main__ — Top-level script environment
  • 6. warnings — Warning control
  • 7. contextlib — Utilities for with-statement contexts
  • 8. abc — Abstract Base Classes
  • 9. atexit — Exit handlers
  • 10. traceback — Print or retrieve a stack traceback
  • 11. __future__ — Future statement definitions
  • 12. gc — Garbage Collector interface
  • 13. inspect — Inspect live objects
  • 14. site — Site-specific configuration hook
  • 15. user — User-specific configuration hook
  • 16. fpectl — Floating point exception control
• 29 Custom Python Interpreters
  • 1. code — Interpreter base classes
  • 2. codeop — Compile Python code
• 30 Restricted Execution
  • 1. rexec — Restricted execution framework
  • 2. Bastion — Restricting access to objects
• 31 Importing Modules
  • 1. imp — Access the import internals
  • 2. importlib – Convenience wrappers for __import__()
  • 3. (depr) imputil — Import utilities
  • 4. zipimport — Import modules from Zip archives
  • 5. pkgutil — Package extension utility
  • 6. modulefinder — Find modules used by a script
  • 7. runpy — Locating and executing Python modules
• 32 Python Language Services
  • 1. parser — Access Python parse trees
  • 2. ast — Abstract Syntax Trees
  • 3. symtable — Access to the compiler’s symbol tables
  • 4. symbol — Constants used with Python parse trees
  • 5. token — Constants used with Python parse trees
  • 6. keyword — Testing for Python keywords
  • 7. tokenize — Tokenizer for Python source
  • 8. tabnanny — Detection of ambiguous indentation
  • 9. pyclbr — Python class browser support
  • 10. py_compile — Compile Python source files
  • 11. compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries
  • 12. dis — Disassembler for Python bytecode
  • 13. pickletools — Tools for pickle developers
• 33 (depr) Python compiler package
  • The basic interface
  • Limitations
  • Python Abstract Syntax
  • Using Visitors to Walk ASTs
  • Bytecode Generation
• 34. Miscellaneous Services
  • 1. formatter — Generic output formatting
• 35 MS Windows Specific Services
  • 1. msilib — Read and write Microsoft Installer files
  • 2. msvcrt – Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
  • 3. _winreg – Windows registry access
  • 4. winsound — Sound-playing interface for Windows
• 36. Unix Specific Services
  • 1. posix — The most common POSIX system calls
  • 2. pwd — The password database
  • 3. spwd — The shadow password database
  • 4. grp — The group database
  • 5. crypt — Function to check Unix passwords
  • 6. (deprecated) dl — Call C functions in shared objects
  • 7. termios — POSIX style tty control
  • 8. tty — Terminal control functions
  • 9. pty — Pseudo-terminal utilities
  • 10. fcntl — The fcntl and ioctl system calls
  • 11. pipes — Interface to shell pipelines
  • 12. posixfile — File-like objects with locking support
  • 13. resource — Resource usage information
  • 14. nis — Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages)
  • 15. syslog — Unix syslog library routines
  • 16. (deprecated) commands — Utilities for running commands
• 37 Mac OS X specific services
  • 1. ic — Access to the Mac OS X Internet Config
  • 2. MacOS — Access to Mac OS interpreter features
  • 3. macostools — Convenience routines for file manipulation
  • 4. findertools — The finder‘s Apple Events interface
  • 5. EasyDialogs — Basic Macintosh dialogs
  • 6. FrameWork — Interactive application framework
  • 7. autoGIL — Global Interpreter Lock handling in event loops
  • 8. Mac OS Toolbox Modules
  • 9. ColorPicker — Color selection dialog