# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
werkzeug.wrappers
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The wrappers are simple request and response objects which you can
subclass to do whatever you want them to do. The request object contains
the information transmitted by the client (webbrowser) and the response
object contains all the information sent back to the browser.
An important detail is that the request object is created with the WSGI
environ and will act as high-level proxy whereas the response object is an
actual WSGI application.
Like everything else in Werkzeug these objects will work correctly with
unicode data. Incoming form data parsed by the response object will be
decoded into an unicode object if possible and if it makes sense.
:copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
:license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
"""
from functools import update_wrapper
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
from werkzeug.http import HTTP_STATUS_CODES, \
parse_accept_header, parse_cache_control_header, parse_etags, \
parse_date, generate_etag, is_resource_modified, unquote_etag, \
quote_etag, parse_set_header, parse_authorization_header, \
parse_www_authenticate_header, remove_entity_headers, \
parse_options_header, dump_options_header, http_date, \
parse_if_range_header, parse_cookie, dump_cookie, \
parse_range_header, parse_content_range_header, dump_header
from werkzeug.urls import url_decode, iri_to_uri, url_join
from werkzeug.formparser import FormDataParser, default_stream_factory
from werkzeug.utils import cached_property, environ_property, \
header_property, get_content_type
from werkzeug.wsgi import get_current_url, get_host, \
ClosingIterator, get_input_stream, get_content_length
from werkzeug.datastructures import MultiDict, CombinedMultiDict, Headers, \
EnvironHeaders, ImmutableMultiDict, ImmutableTypeConversionDict, \
ImmutableList, MIMEAccept, CharsetAccept, LanguageAccept, \
ResponseCacheControl, RequestCacheControl, CallbackDict, \
ContentRange, iter_multi_items
from werkzeug._internal import _get_environ
from werkzeug._compat import to_bytes, string_types, text_type, \
integer_types, wsgi_decoding_dance, wsgi_get_bytes, \
to_unicode, to_native, BytesIO
def _run_wsgi_app(*args):
"""This function replaces itself to ensure that the test module is not
imported unless required. DO NOT USE!
"""
global _run_wsgi_app
from werkzeug.test import run_wsgi_app as _run_wsgi_app
return _run_wsgi_app(*args)
def _warn_if_string(iterable):
"""Helper for the response objects to check if the iterable returned
to the WSGI server is not a string.
"""
if isinstance(iterable, string_types):
from warnings import warn
warn(Warning('response iterable was set to a string. This appears '
'to work but means that the server will send the '
'data to the client char, by char. This is almost '
'never intended behavior, use response.data to assign '
'strings to the response object.'), stacklevel=2)
def _assert_not_shallow(request):
if request.shallow:
raise RuntimeError('A shallow request tried to consume '
'form data. If you really want to do '
'that, set `shallow` to False.')
def _iter_encoded(iterable, charset):
for item in iterable:
if isinstance(item, text_type):
yield item.encode(charset)
else:
yield item
[docs]class BaseRequest(object):
"""Very basic request object. This does not implement advanced stuff like
entity tag parsing or cache controls. The request object is created with
the WSGI environment as first argument and will add itself to the WSGI
environment as ``'werkzeug.request'`` unless it's created with
`populate_request` set to False.
There are a couple of mixins available that add additional functionality
to the request object, there is also a class called `Request` which
subclasses `BaseRequest` and all the important mixins.
It's a good idea to create a custom subclass of the :class:`BaseRequest`
and add missing functionality either via mixins or direct implementation.
Here an example for such subclasses::
from werkzeug.wrappers import BaseRequest, ETagRequestMixin
class Request(BaseRequest, ETagRequestMixin):
pass
Request objects are **read only**. As of 0.5 modifications are not
allowed in any place. Unlike the lower level parsing functions the
request object will use immutable objects everywhere possible.
Per default the request object will assume all the text data is `utf-8`
encoded. Please refer to `the unicode chapter <unicode.txt>`_ for more
details about customizing the behavior.
Per default the request object will be added to the WSGI
environment as `werkzeug.request` to support the debugging system.
If you don't want that, set `populate_request` to `False`.
If `shallow` is `True` the environment is initialized as shallow
object around the environ. Every operation that would modify the
environ in any way (such as consuming form data) raises an exception
unless the `shallow` attribute is explicitly set to `False`. This
is useful for middlewares where you don't want to consume the form
data by accident. A shallow request is not populated to the WSGI
environment.
.. versionchanged:: 0.5
read-only mode was enforced by using immutables classes for all
data.
"""
#: the charset for the request, defaults to utf-8
charset = 'utf-8'
#: the error handling procedure for errors, defaults to 'replace'
encoding_errors = 'replace'
#: the maximum content length. This is forwarded to the form data
#: parsing function (:func:`parse_form_data`). When set and the
#: :attr:`form` or :attr:`files` attribute is accessed and the
#: parsing fails because more than the specified value is transmitted
#: a :exc:`~werkzeug.exceptions.RequestEntityTooLarge` exception is raised.
#:
#: Have a look at :ref:`dealing-with-request-data` for more details.
#:
#: .. versionadded:: 0.5
max_content_length = None
#: the maximum form field size. This is forwarded to the form data
#: parsing function (:func:`parse_form_data`). When set and the
#: :attr:`form` or :attr:`files` attribute is accessed and the
#: data in memory for post data is longer than the specified value a
#: :exc:`~werkzeug.exceptions.RequestEntityTooLarge` exception is raised.
#:
#: Have a look at :ref:`dealing-with-request-data` for more details.
#:
#: .. versionadded:: 0.5
max_form_memory_size = None
#: the class to use for `args` and `form`. The default is an
#: :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.ImmutableMultiDict` which supports
#: multiple values per key. alternatively it makes sense to use an
#: :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.ImmutableOrderedMultiDict` which
#: preserves order or a :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.ImmutableDict`
#: which is the fastest but only remembers the last key. It is also
#: possible to use mutable structures, but this is not recommended.
#:
#: .. versionadded:: 0.6
parameter_storage_class = ImmutableMultiDict
#: the type to be used for list values from the incoming WSGI environment.
#: By default an :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.ImmutableList` is used
#: (for example for :attr:`access_list`).
#:
#: .. versionadded:: 0.6
list_storage_class = ImmutableList
#: the type to be used for dict values from the incoming WSGI environment.
#: By default an
#: :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.ImmutableTypeConversionDict` is used
#: (for example for :attr:`cookies`).
#:
#: .. versionadded:: 0.6
dict_storage_class = ImmutableTypeConversionDict
#: The form data parser that shoud be used. Can be replaced to customize
#: the form date parsing.
form_data_parser_class = FormDataParser
#: Optionally a list of hosts that is trusted by this request. By default
#: all hosts are trusted which means that whatever the client sends the
#: host is will be accepted.
#:
#: This is the recommended setup as a webserver should manually be set up
#: to only route correct hosts to the application, and remove the
#: `X-Forwarded-Host` header if it is not being used (see
#: :func:`werkzeug.wsgi.get_host`).
#:
#: .. versionadded:: 0.9
trusted_hosts = None
#: Indicates whether the data descriptor should be allowed to read and
#: buffer up the input stream. By default it's enabled.
#:
#: .. versionadded:: 0.9
disable_data_descriptor = False
[docs] def __init__(self, environ, populate_request=True, shallow=False):
self.environ = environ
if populate_request and not shallow:
self.environ['werkzeug.request'] = self
self.shallow = shallow
def __repr__(self):
# make sure the __repr__ even works if the request was created
# from an invalid WSGI environment. If we display the request
# in a debug session we don't want the repr to blow up.
args = []
try:
args.append("'%s'" % to_native(self.url, self.url_charset))
args.append('[%s]' % self.method)
except Exception:
args.append('(invalid WSGI environ)')
return '<%s %s>' % (
self.__class__.__name__,
' '.join(args)
)
@property
def url_charset(self):
"""The charset that is assumed for URLs. Defaults to the value
of :attr:`charset`.
.. versionadded:: 0.6
"""
return self.charset
@classmethod
[docs] def from_values(cls, *args, **kwargs):
"""Create a new request object based on the values provided. If
environ is given missing values are filled from there. This method is
useful for small scripts when you need to simulate a request from an URL.
Do not use this method for unittesting, there is a full featured client
object (:class:`Client`) that allows to create multipart requests,
support for cookies etc.
This accepts the same options as the
:class:`~werkzeug.test.EnvironBuilder`.
.. versionchanged:: 0.5
This method now accepts the same arguments as
:class:`~werkzeug.test.EnvironBuilder`. Because of this the
`environ` parameter is now called `environ_overrides`.
:return: request object
"""
from werkzeug.test import EnvironBuilder
charset = kwargs.pop('charset', cls.charset)
kwargs['charset'] = charset
builder = EnvironBuilder(*args, **kwargs)
try:
return builder.get_request(cls)
finally:
builder.close()
@classmethod
[docs] def application(cls, f):
"""Decorate a function as responder that accepts the request as first
argument. This works like the :func:`responder` decorator but the
function is passed the request object as first argument and the
request object will be closed automatically::
@Request.application
def my_wsgi_app(request):
return Response('Hello World!')
:param f: the WSGI callable to decorate
:return: a new WSGI callable
"""
#: return a callable that wraps the -2nd argument with the request
#: and calls the function with all the arguments up to that one and
#: the request. The return value is then called with the latest
#: two arguments. This makes it possible to use this decorator for
#: both methods and standalone WSGI functions.
def application(*args):
request = cls(args[-2])
with request:
return f(*args[:-2] + (request,))(*args[-2:])
return update_wrapper(application, f)
def _get_file_stream(self, total_content_length, content_type, filename=None,
content_length=None):
"""Called to get a stream for the file upload.
This must provide a file-like class with `read()`, `readline()`
and `seek()` methods that is both writeable and readable.
The default implementation returns a temporary file if the total
content length is higher than 500KB. Because many browsers do not
provide a content length for the files only the total content
length matters.
:param total_content_length: the total content length of all the
data in the request combined. This value
is guaranteed to be there.
:param content_type: the mimetype of the uploaded file.
:param filename: the filename of the uploaded file. May be `None`.
:param content_length: the length of this file. This value is usually
not provided because webbrowsers do not provide
this value.
"""
return default_stream_factory(total_content_length, content_type,
filename, content_length)
@property
def want_form_data_parsed(self):
"""Returns True if the request method carries content. As of
Werkzeug 0.9 this will be the case if a content type is transmitted.
.. versionadded:: 0.8
"""
return bool(self.environ.get('CONTENT_TYPE'))
def _load_form_data(self):
"""Method used internally to retrieve submitted data. After calling
this sets `form` and `files` on the request object to multi dicts
filled with the incoming form data. As a matter of fact the input
stream will be empty afterwards. You can also call this method to
force the parsing of the form data.
.. versionadded:: 0.8
"""
# abort early if we have already consumed the stream
if 'form' in self.__dict__:
return
_assert_not_shallow(self)
if self.want_form_data_parsed:
content_type = self.environ.get('CONTENT_TYPE', '')
content_length = get_content_length(self.environ)
mimetype, options = parse_options_header(content_type)
parser = self.make_form_data_parser()
data = parser.parse(self._get_stream_for_parsing(),
mimetype, content_length, options)
else:
data = (self.stream, self.parameter_storage_class(),
self.parameter_storage_class())
# inject the values into the instance dict so that we bypass
# our cached_property non-data descriptor.
d = self.__dict__
d['stream'], d['form'], d['files'] = data
def _get_stream_for_parsing(self):
"""This is the same as accessing :attr:`stream` with the difference
that if it finds cached data from calling :meth:`get_data` first it
will create a new stream out of the cached data.
.. versionadded:: 0.9.3
"""
cached_data = getattr(self, '_cached_data', None)
if cached_data is not None:
return BytesIO(cached_data)
return self.stream
[docs] def close(self):
"""Closes associated resources of this request object. This
closes all file handles explicitly. You can also use the request
object in a with statement which will automatically close it.
.. versionadded:: 0.9
"""
files = self.__dict__.get('files')
for key, value in iter_multi_items(files or ()):
value.close()
def __enter__(self):
return self
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, tb):
self.close()
@cached_property
[docs] def stream(self):
"""The stream to read incoming data from. Unlike :attr:`input_stream`
this stream is properly guarded that you can't accidentally read past
the length of the input. Werkzeug will internally always refer to
this stream to read data which makes it possible to wrap this
object with a stream that does filtering.
.. versionchanged:: 0.9
This stream is now always available but might be consumed by the
form parser later on. Previously the stream was only set if no
parsing happened.
"""
_assert_not_shallow(self)
return get_input_stream(self.environ)
input_stream = environ_property('wsgi.input', """
The WSGI input stream.
In general it's a bad idea to use this one because you can easily read past
the boundary. Use the :attr:`stream` instead.
""")
@cached_property
[docs] def args(self):
"""The parsed URL parameters. By default an
:class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.ImmutableMultiDict`
is returned from this function. This can be changed by setting
:attr:`parameter_storage_class` to a different type. This might
be necessary if the order of the form data is important.
"""
return url_decode(wsgi_get_bytes(self.environ.get('QUERY_STRING', '')),
self.url_charset, errors=self.encoding_errors,
cls=self.parameter_storage_class)
@cached_property
[docs] def data(self):
if self.disable_data_descriptor:
raise AttributeError('data descriptor is disabled')
# XXX: this should eventually be deprecated.
# We trigger form data parsing first which means that the descriptor
# will not cache the data that would otherwise be .form or .files
# data. This restores the behavior that was there in Werkzeug
# before 0.9. New code should use :meth:`get_data` explicitly as
# this will make behavior explicit.
return self.get_data(parse_form_data=True)
[docs] def get_data(self, cache=True, as_text=False, parse_form_data=False):
"""This reads the buffered incoming data from the client into one
bytestring. By default this is cached but that behavior can be
changed by setting `cache` to `False`.
Usually it's a bad idea to call this method without checking the
content length first as a client could send dozens of megabytes or more
to cause memory problems on the server.
Note that if the form data was already parsed this method will not
return anything as form data parsing does not cache the data like
this method does. To implicitly invoke form data parsing function
set `parse_form_data` to `True`. When this is done the return value
of this method will be an empty string if the form parser handles
the data. This generally is not necessary as if the whole data is
cached (which is the default) the form parser will used the cached
data to parse the form data. Please be generally aware of checking
the content length first in any case before calling this method
to avoid exhausting server memory.
If `as_text` is set to `True` the return value will be a decoded
unicode string.
.. versionadded:: 0.9
"""
rv = getattr(self, '_cached_data', None)
if rv is None:
if parse_form_data:
self._load_form_data()
rv = self.stream.read()
if cache:
self._cached_data = rv
if as_text:
rv = rv.decode(self.charset, self.encoding_errors)
return rv
@cached_property
@cached_property
[docs] def values(self):
"""Combined multi dict for :attr:`args` and :attr:`form`."""
args = []
for d in self.args, self.form:
if not isinstance(d, MultiDict):
d = MultiDict(d)
args.append(d)
return CombinedMultiDict(args)
@cached_property
[docs] def files(self):
""":class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.MultiDict` object containing
all uploaded files. Each key in :attr:`files` is the name from the
``<input type="file" name="">``. Each value in :attr:`files` is a
Werkzeug :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.FileStorage` object.
Note that :attr:`files` will only contain data if the request method was
POST, PUT or PATCH and the ``<form>`` that posted to the request had
``enctype="multipart/form-data"``. It will be empty otherwise.
See the :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.MultiDict` /
:class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.FileStorage` documentation for
more details about the used data structure.
"""
self._load_form_data()
return self.files
@cached_property
[docs] def cookies(self):
"""Read only access to the retrieved cookie values as dictionary."""
return parse_cookie(self.environ, self.charset,
self.encoding_errors,
cls=self.dict_storage_class)
@cached_property
@cached_property
[docs] def path(self):
"""Requested path as unicode. This works a bit like the regular path
info in the WSGI environment but will always include a leading slash,
even if the URL root is accessed.
"""
raw_path = wsgi_decoding_dance(self.environ.get('PATH_INFO') or '',
self.charset, self.encoding_errors)
return '/' + raw_path.lstrip('/')
@cached_property
[docs] def full_path(self):
"""Requested path as unicode, including the query string."""
return self.path + u'?' + to_unicode(self.query_string, self.url_charset)
@cached_property
[docs] def script_root(self):
"""The root path of the script without the trailing slash."""
raw_path = wsgi_decoding_dance(self.environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME') or '',
self.charset, self.encoding_errors)
return raw_path.rstrip('/')
@cached_property
[docs] def url(self):
"""The reconstructed current URL as IRI.
See also: :attr:`trusted_hosts`.
"""
return get_current_url(self.environ,
trusted_hosts=self.trusted_hosts)
@cached_property
[docs] def base_url(self):
"""Like :attr:`url` but without the querystring
See also: :attr:`trusted_hosts`.
"""
return get_current_url(self.environ, strip_querystring=True,
trusted_hosts=self.trusted_hosts)
@cached_property
[docs] def url_root(self):
"""The full URL root (with hostname), this is the application
root as IRI.
See also: :attr:`trusted_hosts`.
"""
return get_current_url(self.environ, True,
trusted_hosts=self.trusted_hosts)
@cached_property
[docs] def host_url(self):
"""Just the host with scheme as IRI.
See also: :attr:`trusted_hosts`.
"""
return get_current_url(self.environ, host_only=True,
trusted_hosts=self.trusted_hosts)
@cached_property
[docs] def host(self):
"""Just the host including the port if available.
See also: :attr:`trusted_hosts`.
"""
return get_host(self.environ, trusted_hosts=self.trusted_hosts)
query_string = environ_property(
'QUERY_STRING', '', read_only=True,
load_func=wsgi_get_bytes, doc='The URL parameters as raw bytestring.')
method = environ_property(
'REQUEST_METHOD', 'GET', read_only=True,
load_func=lambda x: x.upper(),
doc="The transmission method. (For example ``'GET'`` or ``'POST'``).")
@cached_property
[docs] def access_route(self):
"""If a forwarded header exists this is a list of all ip addresses
from the client ip to the last proxy server.
"""
if 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' in self.environ:
addr = self.environ['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR'].split(',')
return self.list_storage_class([x.strip() for x in addr])
elif 'REMOTE_ADDR' in self.environ:
return self.list_storage_class([self.environ['REMOTE_ADDR']])
return self.list_storage_class()
@property
def remote_addr(self):
"""The remote address of the client."""
return self.environ.get('REMOTE_ADDR')
remote_user = environ_property('REMOTE_USER', doc='''
If the server supports user authentication, and the script is
protected, this attribute contains the username the user has
authenticated as.''')
scheme = environ_property('wsgi.url_scheme', doc='''
URL scheme (http or https).
.. versionadded:: 0.7''')
is_xhr = property(lambda x: x.environ.get('HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH', '')
.lower() == 'xmlhttprequest', doc='''
True if the request was triggered via a JavaScript XMLHttpRequest.
This only works with libraries that support the `X-Requested-With`
header and set it to "XMLHttpRequest". Libraries that do that are
prototype, jQuery and Mochikit and probably some more.''')
is_secure = property(lambda x: x.environ['wsgi.url_scheme'] == 'https',
doc='`True` if the request is secure.')
is_multithread = environ_property('wsgi.multithread', doc='''
boolean that is `True` if the application is served by
a multithreaded WSGI server.''')
is_multiprocess = environ_property('wsgi.multiprocess', doc='''
boolean that is `True` if the application is served by
a WSGI server that spawns multiple processes.''')
is_run_once = environ_property('wsgi.run_once', doc='''
boolean that is `True` if the application will be executed only
once in a process lifetime. This is the case for CGI for example,
but it's not guaranteed that the execution only happens one time.''')
[docs]class BaseResponse(object):
"""Base response class. The most important fact about a response object
is that it's a regular WSGI application. It's initialized with a couple
of response parameters (headers, body, status code etc.) and will start a
valid WSGI response when called with the environ and start response
callable.
Because it's a WSGI application itself processing usually ends before the
actual response is sent to the server. This helps debugging systems
because they can catch all the exceptions before responses are started.
Here a small example WSGI application that takes advantage of the
response objects::
from werkzeug.wrappers import BaseResponse as Response
def index():
return Response('Index page')
def application(environ, start_response):
path = environ.get('PATH_INFO') or '/'
if path == '/':
response = index()
else:
response = Response('Not Found', status=404)
return response(environ, start_response)
Like :class:`BaseRequest` which object is lacking a lot of functionality
implemented in mixins. This gives you a better control about the actual
API of your response objects, so you can create subclasses and add custom
functionality. A full featured response object is available as
:class:`Response` which implements a couple of useful mixins.
To enforce a new type of already existing responses you can use the
:meth:`force_type` method. This is useful if you're working with different
subclasses of response objects and you want to post process them with a
known interface.
Per default the request object will assume all the text data is `utf-8`
encoded. Please refer to `the unicode chapter <unicode.txt>`_ for more
details about customizing the behavior.
Response can be any kind of iterable or string. If it's a string it's
considered being an iterable with one item which is the string passed.
Headers can be a list of tuples or a
:class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.Headers` object.
Special note for `mimetype` and `content_type`: For most mime types
`mimetype` and `content_type` work the same, the difference affects
only 'text' mimetypes. If the mimetype passed with `mimetype` is a
mimetype starting with `text/`, the charset parameter of the response
object is appended to it. In contrast the `content_type` parameter is
always added as header unmodified.
.. versionchanged:: 0.5
the `direct_passthrough` parameter was added.
:param response: a string or response iterable.
:param status: a string with a status or an integer with the status code.
:param headers: a list of headers or a
:class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.Headers` object.
:param mimetype: the mimetype for the request. See notice above.
:param content_type: the content type for the request. See notice above.
:param direct_passthrough: if set to `True` :meth:`iter_encoded` is not
called before iteration which makes it
possible to pass special iterators through
unchanged (see :func:`wrap_file` for more
details.)
"""
#: the charset of the response.
charset = 'utf-8'
#: the default status if none is provided.
default_status = 200
#: the default mimetype if none is provided.
default_mimetype = 'text/plain'
#: if set to `False` accessing properties on the response object will
#: not try to consume the response iterator and convert it into a list.
#:
#: .. versionadded:: 0.6.2
#:
#: That attribute was previously called `implicit_seqence_conversion`.
#: (Notice the typo). If you did use this feature, you have to adapt
#: your code to the name change.
implicit_sequence_conversion = True
#: Should this response object correct the location header to be RFC
#: conformant? This is true by default.
#:
#: .. versionadded:: 0.8
autocorrect_location_header = True
#: Should this response object automatically set the content-length
#: header if possible? This is true by default.
#:
#: .. versionadded:: 0.8
automatically_set_content_length = True
[docs] def __init__(self, response=None, status=None, headers=None,
mimetype=None, content_type=None, direct_passthrough=False):
if isinstance(headers, Headers):
self.headers = headers
elif not headers:
self.headers = Headers()
else:
self.headers = Headers(headers)
if content_type is None:
if mimetype is None and 'content-type' not in self.headers:
mimetype = self.default_mimetype
if mimetype is not None:
mimetype = get_content_type(mimetype, self.charset)
content_type = mimetype
if content_type is not None:
self.headers['Content-Type'] = content_type
if status is None:
status = self.default_status
if isinstance(status, integer_types):
self.status_code = status
else:
self.status = status
self.direct_passthrough = direct_passthrough
self._on_close = []
# we set the response after the headers so that if a class changes
# the charset attribute, the data is set in the correct charset.
if response is None:
self.response = []
elif isinstance(response, (text_type, bytes, bytearray)):
self.set_data(response)
else:
self.response = response
[docs] def call_on_close(self, func):
"""Adds a function to the internal list of functions that should
be called as part of closing down the response. Since 0.7 this
function also returns the function that was passed so that this
can be used as a decorator.
.. versionadded:: 0.6
"""
self._on_close.append(func)
return func
def __repr__(self):
if self.is_sequence:
body_info = '%d bytes' % sum(map(len, self.iter_encoded()))
else:
body_info = 'streamed' if self.is_streamed else 'likely-streamed'
return '<%s %s [%s]>' % (
self.__class__.__name__,
body_info,
self.status
)
@classmethod
[docs] def force_type(cls, response, environ=None):
"""Enforce that the WSGI response is a response object of the current
type. Werkzeug will use the :class:`BaseResponse` internally in many
situations like the exceptions. If you call :meth:`get_response` on an
exception you will get back a regular :class:`BaseResponse` object, even
if you are using a custom subclass.
This method can enforce a given response type, and it will also
convert arbitrary WSGI callables into response objects if an environ
is provided::
# convert a Werkzeug response object into an instance of the
# MyResponseClass subclass.
response = MyResponseClass.force_type(response)
# convert any WSGI application into a response object
response = MyResponseClass.force_type(response, environ)
This is especially useful if you want to post-process responses in
the main dispatcher and use functionality provided by your subclass.
Keep in mind that this will modify response objects in place if
possible!
:param response: a response object or wsgi application.
:param environ: a WSGI environment object.
:return: a response object.
"""
if not isinstance(response, BaseResponse):
if environ is None:
raise TypeError('cannot convert WSGI application into '
'response objects without an environ')
response = BaseResponse(*_run_wsgi_app(response, environ))
response.__class__ = cls
return response
@classmethod
[docs] def from_app(cls, app, environ, buffered=False):
"""Create a new response object from an application output. This
works best if you pass it an application that returns a generator all
the time. Sometimes applications may use the `write()` callable
returned by the `start_response` function. This tries to resolve such
edge cases automatically. But if you don't get the expected output
you should set `buffered` to `True` which enforces buffering.
:param app: the WSGI application to execute.
:param environ: the WSGI environment to execute against.
:param buffered: set to `True` to enforce buffering.
:return: a response object.
"""
return cls(*_run_wsgi_app(app, environ, buffered))
def _get_status_code(self):
return self._status_code
def _set_status_code(self, code):
self._status_code = code
try:
self._status = '%d %s' % (code, HTTP_STATUS_CODES[code].upper())
except KeyError:
self._status = '%d UNKNOWN' % code
status_code = property(_get_status_code, _set_status_code,
doc='The HTTP Status code as number')
del _get_status_code, _set_status_code
def _get_status(self):
return self._status
def _set_status(self, value):
self._status = to_native(value)
try:
self._status_code = int(self._status.split(None, 1)[0])
except ValueError:
self._status_code = 0
self._status = '0 %s' % self._status
status = property(_get_status, _set_status, doc='The HTTP Status code')
del _get_status, _set_status
[docs] def get_data(self, as_text=False):
"""The string representation of the request body. Whenever you call
this property the request iterable is encoded and flattened. This
can lead to unwanted behavior if you stream big data.
This behavior can be disabled by setting
:attr:`implicit_sequence_conversion` to `False`.
If `as_text` is set to `True` the return value will be a decoded
unicode string.
.. versionadded:: 0.9
"""
self._ensure_sequence()
rv = b''.join(self.iter_encoded())
if as_text:
rv = rv.decode(self.charset)
return rv
[docs] def set_data(self, value):
"""Sets a new string as response. The value set must either by a
unicode or bytestring. If a unicode string is set it's encoded
automatically to the charset of the response (utf-8 by default).
.. versionadded:: 0.9
"""
# if an unicode string is set, it's encoded directly so that we
# can set the content length
if isinstance(value, text_type):
value = value.encode(self.charset)
else:
value = bytes(value)
self.response = [value]
if self.automatically_set_content_length:
self.headers['Content-Length'] = str(len(value))
data = property(get_data, set_data, doc='''
A descriptor that calls :meth:`get_data` and :meth:`set_data`. This
should not be used and will eventually get deprecated.
''')
[docs] def calculate_content_length(self):
"""Returns the content length if available or `None` otherwise."""
try:
self._ensure_sequence()
except RuntimeError:
return None
return sum(len(x) for x in self.response)
def _ensure_sequence(self, mutable=False):
"""This method can be called by methods that need a sequence. If
`mutable` is true, it will also ensure that the response sequence
is a standard Python list.
.. versionadded:: 0.6
"""
if self.is_sequence:
# if we need a mutable object, we ensure it's a list.
if mutable and not isinstance(self.response, list):
self.response = list(self.response)
return
if self.direct_passthrough:
raise RuntimeError('Attempted implicit sequence conversion '
'but the response object is in direct '
'passthrough mode.')
if not self.implicit_sequence_conversion:
raise RuntimeError('The response object required the iterable '
'to be a sequence, but the implicit '
'conversion was disabled. Call '
'make_sequence() yourself.')
self.make_sequence()
[docs] def make_sequence(self):
"""Converts the response iterator in a list. By default this happens
automatically if required. If `implicit_sequence_conversion` is
disabled, this method is not automatically called and some properties
might raise exceptions. This also encodes all the items.
.. versionadded:: 0.6
"""
if not self.is_sequence:
# if we consume an iterable we have to ensure that the close
# method of the iterable is called if available when we tear
# down the response
close = getattr(self.response, 'close', None)
self.response = list(self.iter_encoded())
if close is not None:
self.call_on_close(close)
[docs] def iter_encoded(self):
"""Iter the response encoded with the encoding of the response.
If the response object is invoked as WSGI application the return
value of this method is used as application iterator unless
:attr:`direct_passthrough` was activated.
"""
if __debug__:
_warn_if_string(self.response)
# Encode in a separate function so that self.response is fetched
# early. This allows us to wrap the response with the return
# value from get_app_iter or iter_encoded.
return _iter_encoded(self.response, self.charset)
[docs] def set_cookie(self, key, value='', max_age=None, expires=None,
path='/', domain=None, secure=None, httponly=False):
"""Sets a cookie. The parameters are the same as in the cookie `Morsel`
object in the Python standard library but it accepts unicode data, too.
:param key: the key (name) of the cookie to be set.
:param value: the value of the cookie.
:param max_age: should be a number of seconds, or `None` (default) if
the cookie should last only as long as the client's
browser session.
:param expires: should be a `datetime` object or UNIX timestamp.
:param domain: if you want to set a cross-domain cookie. For example,
``domain=".example.com"`` will set a cookie that is
readable by the domain ``www.example.com``,
``foo.example.com`` etc. Otherwise, a cookie will only
be readable by the domain that set it.
:param path: limits the cookie to a given path, per default it will
span the whole domain.
"""
self.headers.add('Set-Cookie', dump_cookie(key, value, max_age,
expires, path, domain, secure, httponly,
self.charset))
[docs] def delete_cookie(self, key, path='/', domain=None):
"""Delete a cookie. Fails silently if key doesn't exist.
:param key: the key (name) of the cookie to be deleted.
:param path: if the cookie that should be deleted was limited to a
path, the path has to be defined here.
:param domain: if the cookie that should be deleted was limited to a
domain, that domain has to be defined here.
"""
self.set_cookie(key, expires=0, max_age=0, path=path, domain=domain)
@property
def is_streamed(self):
"""If the response is streamed (the response is not an iterable with
a length information) this property is `True`. In this case streamed
means that there is no information about the number of iterations.
This is usually `True` if a generator is passed to the response object.
This is useful for checking before applying some sort of post
filtering that should not take place for streamed responses.
"""
try:
len(self.response)
except (TypeError, AttributeError):
return True
return False
@property
def is_sequence(self):
"""If the iterator is buffered, this property will be `True`. A
response object will consider an iterator to be buffered if the
response attribute is a list or tuple.
.. versionadded:: 0.6
"""
return isinstance(self.response, (tuple, list))
[docs] def close(self):
"""Close the wrapped response if possible. You can also use the object
in a with statement which will automatically close it.
.. versionadded:: 0.9
Can now be used in a with statement.
"""
if hasattr(self.response, 'close'):
self.response.close()
for func in self._on_close:
func()
def __enter__(self):
return self
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, tb):
self.close()
[docs] def freeze(self):
"""Call this method if you want to make your response object ready for
being pickled. This buffers the generator if there is one. It will
also set the `Content-Length` header to the length of the body.
.. versionchanged:: 0.6
The `Content-Length` header is now set.
"""
# we explicitly set the length to a list of the *encoded* response
# iterator. Even if the implicit sequence conversion is disabled.
self.response = list(self.iter_encoded())
self.headers['Content-Length'] = str(sum(map(len, self.response)))
[docs] def get_app_iter(self, environ):
"""Returns the application iterator for the given environ. Depending
on the request method and the current status code the return value
might be an empty response rather than the one from the response.
If the request method is `HEAD` or the status code is in a range
where the HTTP specification requires an empty response, an empty
iterable is returned.
.. versionadded:: 0.6
:param environ: the WSGI environment of the request.
:return: a response iterable.
"""
status = self.status_code
if environ['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'HEAD' or \
100 <= status < 200 or status in (204, 304):
iterable = ()
elif self.direct_passthrough:
if __debug__:
_warn_if_string(self.response)
return self.response
else:
iterable = self.iter_encoded()
return ClosingIterator(iterable, self.close)
[docs] def get_wsgi_response(self, environ):
"""Returns the final WSGI response as tuple. The first item in
the tuple is the application iterator, the second the status and
the third the list of headers. The response returned is created
specially for the given environment. For example if the request
method in the WSGI environment is ``'HEAD'`` the response will
be empty and only the headers and status code will be present.
.. versionadded:: 0.6
:param environ: the WSGI environment of the request.
:return: an ``(app_iter, status, headers)`` tuple.
"""
headers = self.get_wsgi_headers(environ)
app_iter = self.get_app_iter(environ)
return app_iter, self.status, headers.to_wsgi_list()
def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
"""Process this response as WSGI application.
:param environ: the WSGI environment.
:param start_response: the response callable provided by the WSGI
server.
:return: an application iterator
"""
app_iter, status, headers = self.get_wsgi_response(environ)
start_response(status, headers)
return app_iter
[docs]class AcceptMixin(object):
"""A mixin for classes with an :attr:`~BaseResponse.environ` attribute
to get all the HTTP accept headers as
:class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.Accept` objects (or subclasses
thereof).
"""
@cached_property
[docs] def accept_mimetypes(self):
"""List of mimetypes this client supports as
:class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.MIMEAccept` object.
"""
return parse_accept_header(self.environ.get('HTTP_ACCEPT'), MIMEAccept)
@cached_property
[docs] def accept_charsets(self):
"""List of charsets this client supports as
:class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.CharsetAccept` object.
"""
return parse_accept_header(self.environ.get('HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET'),
CharsetAccept)
@cached_property
[docs] def accept_encodings(self):
"""List of encodings this client accepts. Encodings in a HTTP term
are compression encodings such as gzip. For charsets have a look at
:attr:`accept_charset`.
"""
return parse_accept_header(self.environ.get('HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING'))
@cached_property
[docs] def accept_languages(self):
"""List of languages this client accepts as
:class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.LanguageAccept` object.
.. versionchanged 0.5
In previous versions this was a regular
:class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.Accept` object.
"""
return parse_accept_header(self.environ.get('HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE'),
LanguageAccept)
[docs]class ETagRequestMixin(object):
"""Add entity tag and cache descriptors to a request object or object with
a WSGI environment available as :attr:`~BaseRequest.environ`. This not
only provides access to etags but also to the cache control header.
"""
@cached_property
[docs] def cache_control(self):
"""A :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.RequestCacheControl` object
for the incoming cache control headers.
"""
cache_control = self.environ.get('HTTP_CACHE_CONTROL')
return parse_cache_control_header(cache_control, None,
RequestCacheControl)
@cached_property
[docs] def if_match(self):
"""An object containing all the etags in the `If-Match` header.
:rtype: :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.ETags`
"""
return parse_etags(self.environ.get('HTTP_IF_MATCH'))
@cached_property
[docs] def if_none_match(self):
"""An object containing all the etags in the `If-None-Match` header.
:rtype: :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.ETags`
"""
return parse_etags(self.environ.get('HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH'))
@cached_property
[docs] def if_modified_since(self):
"""The parsed `If-Modified-Since` header as datetime object."""
return parse_date(self.environ.get('HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE'))
@cached_property
[docs] def if_unmodified_since(self):
"""The parsed `If-Unmodified-Since` header as datetime object."""
return parse_date(self.environ.get('HTTP_IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE'))
@cached_property
[docs] def if_range(self):
"""The parsed `If-Range` header.
.. versionadded:: 0.7
:rtype: :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.IfRange`
"""
return parse_if_range_header(self.environ.get('HTTP_IF_RANGE'))
@cached_property
[docs] def range(self):
"""The parsed `Range` header.
.. versionadded:: 0.7
:rtype: :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.Range`
"""
return parse_range_header(self.environ.get('HTTP_RANGE'))
[docs]class UserAgentMixin(object):
"""Adds a `user_agent` attribute to the request object which contains the
parsed user agent of the browser that triggered the request as a
:class:`~werkzeug.useragents.UserAgent` object.
"""
@cached_property
[docs] def user_agent(self):
"""The current user agent."""
from werkzeug.useragents import UserAgent
return UserAgent(self.environ)
[docs]class AuthorizationMixin(object):
"""Adds an :attr:`authorization` property that represents the parsed
value of the `Authorization` header as
:class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.Authorization` object.
"""
@cached_property
[docs] def authorization(self):
"""The `Authorization` object in parsed form."""
header = self.environ.get('HTTP_AUTHORIZATION')
return parse_authorization_header(header)
class StreamOnlyMixin(object):
"""If mixed in before the request object this will change the bahavior
of it to disable handling of form parsing. This disables the
:attr:`files`, :attr:`form` attributes and will just provide a
:attr:`stream` attribute that however is always available.
.. versionadded:: 0.9
"""
disable_data_descriptor = True
want_form_data_parsed = False
[docs]class ETagResponseMixin(object):
"""Adds extra functionality to a response object for etag and cache
handling. This mixin requires an object with at least a `headers`
object that implements a dict like interface similar to
:class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.Headers`.
If you want the :meth:`freeze` method to automatically add an etag, you
have to mixin this method before the response base class. The default
response class does not do that.
"""
@property
def cache_control(self):
"""The Cache-Control general-header field is used to specify
directives that MUST be obeyed by all caching mechanisms along the
request/response chain.
"""
def on_update(cache_control):
if not cache_control and 'cache-control' in self.headers:
del self.headers['cache-control']
elif cache_control:
self.headers['Cache-Control'] = cache_control.to_header()
return parse_cache_control_header(self.headers.get('cache-control'),
on_update,
ResponseCacheControl)
[docs] def make_conditional(self, request_or_environ):
"""Make the response conditional to the request. This method works
best if an etag was defined for the response already. The `add_etag`
method can be used to do that. If called without etag just the date
header is set.
This does nothing if the request method in the request or environ is
anything but GET or HEAD.
It does not remove the body of the response because that's something
the :meth:`__call__` function does for us automatically.
Returns self so that you can do ``return resp.make_conditional(req)``
but modifies the object in-place.
:param request_or_environ: a request object or WSGI environment to be
used to make the response conditional
against.
"""
environ = _get_environ(request_or_environ)
if environ['REQUEST_METHOD'] in ('GET', 'HEAD'):
# if the date is not in the headers, add it now. We however
# will not override an already existing header. Unfortunately
# this header will be overriden by many WSGI servers including
# wsgiref.
if 'date' not in self.headers:
self.headers['Date'] = http_date()
if self.automatically_set_content_length and 'content-length' not in self.headers:
length = self.calculate_content_length()
if length is not None:
self.headers['Content-Length'] = length
if not is_resource_modified(environ, self.headers.get('etag'), None,
self.headers.get('last-modified')):
self.status_code = 304
return self
[docs] def add_etag(self, overwrite=False, weak=False):
"""Add an etag for the current response if there is none yet."""
if overwrite or 'etag' not in self.headers:
self.set_etag(generate_etag(self.get_data()), weak)
[docs] def set_etag(self, etag, weak=False):
"""Set the etag, and override the old one if there was one."""
self.headers['ETag'] = quote_etag(etag, weak)
[docs] def get_etag(self):
"""Return a tuple in the form ``(etag, is_weak)``. If there is no
ETag the return value is ``(None, None)``.
"""
return unquote_etag(self.headers.get('ETag'))
[docs] def freeze(self, no_etag=False):
"""Call this method if you want to make your response object ready for
pickeling. This buffers the generator if there is one. This also
sets the etag unless `no_etag` is set to `True`.
"""
if not no_etag:
self.add_etag()
super(ETagResponseMixin, self).freeze()
accept_ranges = header_property('Accept-Ranges', doc='''
The `Accept-Ranges` header. Even though the name would indicate
that multiple values are supported, it must be one string token only.
The values ``'bytes'`` and ``'none'`` are common.
.. versionadded:: 0.7''')
def _get_content_range(self):
def on_update(rng):
if not rng:
del self.headers['content-range']
else:
self.headers['Content-Range'] = rng.to_header()
rv = parse_content_range_header(self.headers.get('content-range'),
on_update)
# always provide a content range object to make the descriptor
# more user friendly. It provides an unset() method that can be
# used to remove the header quickly.
if rv is None:
rv = ContentRange(None, None, None, on_update=on_update)
return rv
def _set_content_range(self, value):
if not value:
del self.headers['content-range']
elif isinstance(value, string_types):
self.headers['Content-Range'] = value
else:
self.headers['Content-Range'] = value.to_header()
content_range = property(_get_content_range, _set_content_range, doc='''
The `Content-Range` header as
:class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.ContentRange` object. Even if the
header is not set it wil provide such an object for easier
manipulation.
.. versionadded:: 0.7''')
del _get_content_range, _set_content_range
class ResponseStream(object):
"""A file descriptor like object used by the :class:`ResponseStreamMixin` to
represent the body of the stream. It directly pushes into the response
iterable of the response object.
"""
mode = 'wb+'
def __init__(self, response):
self.response = response
self.closed = False
def write(self, value):
if self.closed:
raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
self.response._ensure_sequence(mutable=True)
self.response.response.append(value)
self.response.headers.pop('Content-Length', None)
def writelines(self, seq):
for item in seq:
self.write(item)
def close(self):
self.closed = True
def flush(self):
if self.closed:
raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
def isatty(self):
if self.closed:
raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
return False
@property
def encoding(self):
return self.response.charset
[docs]class ResponseStreamMixin(object):
"""Mixin for :class:`BaseRequest` subclasses. Classes that inherit from
this mixin will automatically get a :attr:`stream` property that provides
a write-only interface to the response iterable.
"""
@cached_property
[docs] def stream(self):
"""The response iterable as write-only stream."""
return ResponseStream(self)
[docs]class CommonRequestDescriptorsMixin(object):
"""A mixin for :class:`BaseRequest` subclasses. Request objects that
mix this class in will automatically get descriptors for a couple of
HTTP headers with automatic type conversion.
.. versionadded:: 0.5
"""
content_type = environ_property('CONTENT_TYPE', doc='''
The Content-Type entity-header field indicates the media type of
the entity-body sent to the recipient or, in the case of the HEAD
method, the media type that would have been sent had the request
been a GET.''')
@cached_property
[docs] def content_length(self):
"""The Content-Length entity-header field indicates the size of the
entity-body in bytes or, in the case of the HEAD method, the size of
the entity-body that would have been sent had the request been a
GET.
"""
return get_content_length(self.environ)
content_encoding = environ_property('HTTP_CONTENT_ENCODING', doc='''
The Content-Encoding entity-header field is used as a modifier to the
media-type. When present, its value indicates what additional content
codings have been applied to the entity-body, and thus what decoding
mechanisms must be applied in order to obtain the media-type
referenced by the Content-Type header field.
.. versionadded:: 0.9''')
content_md5 = environ_property('HTTP_CONTENT_MD5', doc='''
The Content-MD5 entity-header field, as defined in RFC 1864, is an
MD5 digest of the entity-body for the purpose of providing an
end-to-end message integrity check (MIC) of the entity-body. (Note:
a MIC is good for detecting accidental modification of the
entity-body in transit, but is not proof against malicious attacks.)
.. versionadded:: 0.9''')
referrer = environ_property('HTTP_REFERER', doc='''
The Referer[sic] request-header field allows the client to specify,
for the server's benefit, the address (URI) of the resource from which
the Request-URI was obtained (the "referrer", although the header
field is misspelled).''')
date = environ_property('HTTP_DATE', None, parse_date, doc='''
The Date general-header field represents the date and time at which
the message was originated, having the same semantics as orig-date
in RFC 822.''')
max_forwards = environ_property('HTTP_MAX_FORWARDS', None, int, doc='''
The Max-Forwards request-header field provides a mechanism with the
TRACE and OPTIONS methods to limit the number of proxies or gateways
that can forward the request to the next inbound server.''')
def _parse_content_type(self):
if not hasattr(self, '_parsed_content_type'):
self._parsed_content_type = \
parse_options_header(self.environ.get('CONTENT_TYPE', ''))
@property
def mimetype(self):
"""Like :attr:`content_type`, but without parameters (eg, without
charset, type etc.) and always lowercase. For example if the content
type is ``text/HTML; charset=utf-8`` the mimetype would be
``'text/html'``.
"""
self._parse_content_type()
return self._parsed_content_type[0].lower()
@property
def mimetype_params(self):
"""The mimetype parameters as dict. For example if the content
type is ``text/html; charset=utf-8`` the params would be
``{'charset': 'utf-8'}``.
"""
self._parse_content_type()
return self._parsed_content_type[1]
@cached_property
[docs] def pragma(self):
"""The Pragma general-header field is used to include
implementation-specific directives that might apply to any recipient
along the request/response chain. All pragma directives specify
optional behavior from the viewpoint of the protocol; however, some
systems MAY require that behavior be consistent with the directives.
"""
return parse_set_header(self.environ.get('HTTP_PRAGMA', ''))
[docs]class CommonResponseDescriptorsMixin(object):
"""A mixin for :class:`BaseResponse` subclasses. Response objects that
mix this class in will automatically get descriptors for a couple of
HTTP headers with automatic type conversion.
"""
def _get_mimetype(self):
ct = self.headers.get('content-type')
if ct:
return ct.split(';')[0].strip()
def _set_mimetype(self, value):
self.headers['Content-Type'] = get_content_type(value, self.charset)
def _get_mimetype_params(self):
def on_update(d):
self.headers['Content-Type'] = \
dump_options_header(self.mimetype, d)
d = parse_options_header(self.headers.get('content-type', ''))[1]
return CallbackDict(d, on_update)
mimetype = property(_get_mimetype, _set_mimetype, doc='''
The mimetype (content type without charset etc.)''')
mimetype_params = property(_get_mimetype_params, doc='''
The mimetype parameters as dict. For example if the content
type is ``text/html; charset=utf-8`` the params would be
``{'charset': 'utf-8'}``.
.. versionadded:: 0.5
''')
location = header_property('Location', doc='''
The Location response-header field is used to redirect the recipient
to a location other than the Request-URI for completion of the request
or identification of a new resource.''')
age = header_property('Age', None, parse_date, http_date, doc='''
The Age response-header field conveys the sender's estimate of the
amount of time since the response (or its revalidation) was
generated at the origin server.
Age values are non-negative decimal integers, representing time in
seconds.''')
content_type = header_property('Content-Type', doc='''
The Content-Type entity-header field indicates the media type of the
entity-body sent to the recipient or, in the case of the HEAD method,
the media type that would have been sent had the request been a GET.
''')
content_length = header_property('Content-Length', None, int, str, doc='''
The Content-Length entity-header field indicates the size of the
entity-body, in decimal number of OCTETs, sent to the recipient or,
in the case of the HEAD method, the size of the entity-body that would
have been sent had the request been a GET.''')
content_location = header_property('Content-Location', doc='''
The Content-Location entity-header field MAY be used to supply the
resource location for the entity enclosed in the message when that
entity is accessible from a location separate from the requested
resource's URI.''')
content_encoding = header_property('Content-Encoding', doc='''
The Content-Encoding entity-header field is used as a modifier to the
media-type. When present, its value indicates what additional content
codings have been applied to the entity-body, and thus what decoding
mechanisms must be applied in order to obtain the media-type
referenced by the Content-Type header field.''')
content_md5 = header_property('Content-MD5', doc='''
The Content-MD5 entity-header field, as defined in RFC 1864, is an
MD5 digest of the entity-body for the purpose of providing an
end-to-end message integrity check (MIC) of the entity-body. (Note:
a MIC is good for detecting accidental modification of the
entity-body in transit, but is not proof against malicious attacks.)
''')
date = header_property('Date', None, parse_date, http_date, doc='''
The Date general-header field represents the date and time at which
the message was originated, having the same semantics as orig-date
in RFC 822.''')
expires = header_property('Expires', None, parse_date, http_date, doc='''
The Expires entity-header field gives the date/time after which the
response is considered stale. A stale cache entry may not normally be
returned by a cache.''')
last_modified = header_property('Last-Modified', None, parse_date,
http_date, doc='''
The Last-Modified entity-header field indicates the date and time at
which the origin server believes the variant was last modified.''')
def _get_retry_after(self):
value = self.headers.get('retry-after')
if value is None:
return
elif value.isdigit():
return datetime.utcnow() + timedelta(seconds=int(value))
return parse_date(value)
def _set_retry_after(self, value):
if value is None:
if 'retry-after' in self.headers:
del self.headers['retry-after']
return
elif isinstance(value, datetime):
value = http_date(value)
else:
value = str(value)
self.headers['Retry-After'] = value
retry_after = property(_get_retry_after, _set_retry_after, doc='''
The Retry-After response-header field can be used with a 503 (Service
Unavailable) response to indicate how long the service is expected
to be unavailable to the requesting client.
Time in seconds until expiration or date.''')
def _set_property(name, doc=None):
def fget(self):
def on_update(header_set):
if not header_set and name in self.headers:
del self.headers[name]
elif header_set:
self.headers[name] = header_set.to_header()
return parse_set_header(self.headers.get(name), on_update)
def fset(self, value):
if not value:
del self.headers[name]
elif isinstance(value, string_types):
self.headers[name] = value
else:
self.headers[name] = dump_header(value)
return property(fget, fset, doc=doc)
vary = _set_property('Vary', doc='''
The Vary field value indicates the set of request-header fields that
fully determines, while the response is fresh, whether a cache is
permitted to use the response to reply to a subsequent request
without revalidation.''')
content_language = _set_property('Content-Language', doc='''
The Content-Language entity-header field describes the natural
language(s) of the intended audience for the enclosed entity. Note
that this might not be equivalent to all the languages used within
the entity-body.''')
allow = _set_property('Allow', doc='''
The Allow entity-header field lists the set of methods supported
by the resource identified by the Request-URI. The purpose of this
field is strictly to inform the recipient of valid methods
associated with the resource. An Allow header field MUST be
present in a 405 (Method Not Allowed) response.''')
del _set_property, _get_mimetype, _set_mimetype, _get_retry_after, \
_set_retry_after
[docs]class WWWAuthenticateMixin(object):
"""Adds a :attr:`www_authenticate` property to a response object."""
@property
def www_authenticate(self):
"""The `WWW-Authenticate` header in a parsed form."""
def on_update(www_auth):
if not www_auth and 'www-authenticate' in self.headers:
del self.headers['www-authenticate']
elif www_auth:
self.headers['WWW-Authenticate'] = www_auth.to_header()
header = self.headers.get('www-authenticate')
return parse_www_authenticate_header(header, on_update)
[docs]class Request(BaseRequest, AcceptMixin, ETagRequestMixin,
UserAgentMixin, AuthorizationMixin,
CommonRequestDescriptorsMixin):
"""Full featured request object implementing the following mixins:
- :class:`AcceptMixin` for accept header parsing
- :class:`ETagRequestMixin` for etag and cache control handling
- :class:`UserAgentMixin` for user agent introspection
- :class:`AuthorizationMixin` for http auth handling
- :class:`CommonRequestDescriptorsMixin` for common headers
"""
class PlainRequest(StreamOnlyMixin, Request):
"""A request object without special form parsing capabilities.
.. versionadded:: 0.9
"""
[docs]class Response(BaseResponse, ETagResponseMixin, ResponseStreamMixin,
CommonResponseDescriptorsMixin,
WWWAuthenticateMixin):
"""Full featured response object implementing the following mixins:
- :class:`ETagResponseMixin` for etag and cache control handling
- :class:`ResponseStreamMixin` to add support for the `stream` property
- :class:`CommonResponseDescriptorsMixin` for various HTTP descriptors
- :class:`WWWAuthenticateMixin` for HTTP authentication support
"""