Source code for nltk.metrics.association

# Natural Language Toolkit: Ngram Association Measures
#
# Copyright (C) 2001-2015 NLTK Project
# Author: Joel Nothman <jnothman@student.usyd.edu.au>
# URL: <http://nltk.org>
# For license information, see LICENSE.TXT

"""
Provides scoring functions for a number of association measures through a
generic, abstract implementation in ``NgramAssocMeasures``, and n-specific
``BigramAssocMeasures`` and ``TrigramAssocMeasures``.
"""

from __future__ import division
import math as _math
from functools import reduce
_log2 = lambda x: _math.log(x, 2.0)
_ln = _math.log

_product = lambda s: reduce(lambda x, y: x * y, s)

_SMALL = 1e-20

try:
    from scipy.stats import fisher_exact
except ImportError:
    def fisher_exact(*_args, **_kwargs):
        raise NotImplementedError

### Indices to marginals arguments:

NGRAM = 0
"""Marginals index for the ngram count"""

UNIGRAMS = -2
"""Marginals index for a tuple of each unigram count"""

TOTAL = -1
"""Marginals index for the number of words in the data"""


[docs]class NgramAssocMeasures(object): """ An abstract class defining a collection of generic association measures. Each public method returns a score, taking the following arguments:: score_fn(count_of_ngram, (count_of_n-1gram_1, ..., count_of_n-1gram_j), (count_of_n-2gram_1, ..., count_of_n-2gram_k), ..., (count_of_1gram_1, ..., count_of_1gram_n), count_of_total_words) See ``BigramAssocMeasures`` and ``TrigramAssocMeasures`` Inheriting classes should define a property _n, and a method _contingency which calculates contingency values from marginals in order for all association measures defined here to be usable. """ _n = 0 @staticmethod def _contingency(*marginals): """Calculates values of a contingency table from marginal values.""" raise NotImplementedError("The contingency table is not available" "in the general ngram case") @staticmethod def _marginals(*contingency): """Calculates values of contingency table marginals from its values.""" raise NotImplementedError("The contingency table is not available" "in the general ngram case") @classmethod def _expected_values(cls, cont): """Calculates expected values for a contingency table.""" n_all = sum(cont) bits = [1 << i for i in range(cls._n)] # For each contingency table cell for i in range(len(cont)): # Yield the expected value yield (_product(sum(cont[x] for x in range(2 ** cls._n) if (x & j) == (i & j)) for j in bits) / (n_all ** (cls._n - 1))) @staticmethod
[docs] def raw_freq(*marginals): """Scores ngrams by their frequency""" return marginals[NGRAM] / marginals[TOTAL]
@classmethod
[docs] def student_t(cls, *marginals): """Scores ngrams using Student's t test with independence hypothesis for unigrams, as in Manning and Schutze 5.3.1. """ return ((marginals[NGRAM] - _product(marginals[UNIGRAMS]) / (marginals[TOTAL] ** (cls._n - 1))) / (marginals[NGRAM] + _SMALL) ** .5)
@classmethod
[docs] def chi_sq(cls, *marginals): """Scores ngrams using Pearson's chi-square as in Manning and Schutze 5.3.3. """ cont = cls._contingency(*marginals) exps = cls._expected_values(cont) return sum((obs - exp) ** 2 / (exp + _SMALL) for obs, exp in zip(cont, exps))
@staticmethod
[docs] def mi_like(*marginals, **kwargs): """Scores ngrams using a variant of mutual information. The keyword argument power sets an exponent (default 3) for the numerator. No logarithm of the result is calculated. """ return (marginals[NGRAM] ** kwargs.get('power', 3) / _product(marginals[UNIGRAMS]))
@classmethod
[docs] def pmi(cls, *marginals): """Scores ngrams by pointwise mutual information, as in Manning and Schutze 5.4. """ return (_log2(marginals[NGRAM] * marginals[TOTAL] ** (cls._n - 1)) - _log2(_product(marginals[UNIGRAMS])))
@classmethod
[docs] def likelihood_ratio(cls, *marginals): """Scores ngrams using likelihood ratios as in Manning and Schutze 5.3.4. """ cont = cls._contingency(*marginals) return (cls._n * sum(obs * _ln(obs / (exp + _SMALL) + _SMALL) for obs, exp in zip(cont, cls._expected_values(cont))))
@classmethod
[docs] def poisson_stirling(cls, *marginals): """Scores ngrams using the Poisson-Stirling measure.""" exp = (_product(marginals[UNIGRAMS]) / (marginals[TOTAL] ** (cls._n - 1))) return marginals[NGRAM] * (_log2(marginals[NGRAM] / exp) - 1)
@classmethod
[docs] def jaccard(cls, *marginals): """Scores ngrams using the Jaccard index.""" cont = cls._contingency(*marginals) return cont[0] / sum(cont[:-1])
[docs]class BigramAssocMeasures(NgramAssocMeasures): """ A collection of bigram association measures. Each association measure is provided as a function with three arguments:: bigram_score_fn(n_ii, (n_ix, n_xi), n_xx) The arguments constitute the marginals of a contingency table, counting the occurrences of particular events in a corpus. The letter i in the suffix refers to the appearance of the word in question, while x indicates the appearance of any word. Thus, for example: n_ii counts (w1, w2), i.e. the bigram being scored n_ix counts (w1, *) n_xi counts (*, w2) n_xx counts (*, *), i.e. any bigram This may be shown with respect to a contingency table:: w1 ~w1 ------ ------ w2 | n_ii | n_oi | = n_xi ------ ------ ~w2 | n_io | n_oo | ------ ------ = n_ix TOTAL = n_xx """ _n = 2 @staticmethod def _contingency(n_ii, n_ix_xi_tuple, n_xx): """Calculates values of a bigram contingency table from marginal values.""" (n_ix, n_xi) = n_ix_xi_tuple n_oi = n_xi - n_ii n_io = n_ix - n_ii return (n_ii, n_oi, n_io, n_xx - n_ii - n_oi - n_io) @staticmethod def _marginals(n_ii, n_oi, n_io, n_oo): """Calculates values of contingency table marginals from its values.""" return (n_ii, (n_oi + n_ii, n_io + n_ii), n_oo + n_oi + n_io + n_ii) @staticmethod def _expected_values(cont): """Calculates expected values for a contingency table.""" n_xx = sum(cont) # For each contingency table cell for i in range(4): yield (cont[i] + cont[i ^ 1]) * (cont[i] + cont[i ^ 2]) / n_xx @classmethod
[docs] def phi_sq(cls, *marginals): """Scores bigrams using phi-square, the square of the Pearson correlation coefficient. """ n_ii, n_io, n_oi, n_oo = cls._contingency(*marginals) return ((n_ii*n_oo - n_io*n_oi)**2 / ((n_ii + n_io) * (n_ii + n_oi) * (n_io + n_oo) * (n_oi + n_oo)))
@classmethod
[docs] def chi_sq(cls, n_ii, n_ix_xi_tuple, n_xx): """Scores bigrams using chi-square, i.e. phi-sq multiplied by the number of bigrams, as in Manning and Schutze 5.3.3. """ (n_ix, n_xi) = n_ix_xi_tuple return n_xx * cls.phi_sq(n_ii, (n_ix, n_xi), n_xx)
@classmethod
[docs] def fisher(cls, *marginals): """Scores bigrams using Fisher's Exact Test (Pedersen 1996). Less sensitive to small counts than PMI or Chi Sq, but also more expensive to compute. Requires scipy. """ n_ii, n_io, n_oi, n_oo = cls._contingency(*marginals) (odds, pvalue) = fisher_exact([[n_ii, n_io], [n_oi, n_oo]], alternative='less') return pvalue
@staticmethod
[docs] def dice(n_ii, n_ix_xi_tuple, n_xx): """Scores bigrams using Dice's coefficient.""" (n_ix, n_xi) = n_ix_xi_tuple return 2 * n_ii / (n_ix + n_xi)
[docs]class TrigramAssocMeasures(NgramAssocMeasures): """ A collection of trigram association measures. Each association measure is provided as a function with four arguments:: trigram_score_fn(n_iii, (n_iix, n_ixi, n_xii), (n_ixx, n_xix, n_xxi), n_xxx) The arguments constitute the marginals of a contingency table, counting the occurrences of particular events in a corpus. The letter i in the suffix refers to the appearance of the word in question, while x indicates the appearance of any word. Thus, for example: n_iii counts (w1, w2, w3), i.e. the trigram being scored n_ixx counts (w1, *, *) n_xxx counts (*, *, *), i.e. any trigram """ _n = 3 @staticmethod def _contingency(n_iii, n_iix_tuple, n_ixx_tuple, n_xxx): """Calculates values of a trigram contingency table (or cube) from marginal values. >>> TrigramAssocMeasures._contingency(1, (1, 1, 1), (1, 73, 1), 2000) (1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 72, 0, 1927) """ (n_iix, n_ixi, n_xii) = n_iix_tuple (n_ixx, n_xix, n_xxi) = n_ixx_tuple n_oii = n_xii - n_iii n_ioi = n_ixi - n_iii n_iio = n_iix - n_iii n_ooi = n_xxi - n_iii - n_oii - n_ioi n_oio = n_xix - n_iii - n_oii - n_iio n_ioo = n_ixx - n_iii - n_ioi - n_iio n_ooo = n_xxx - n_iii - n_oii - n_ioi - n_iio - n_ooi - n_oio - n_ioo return (n_iii, n_oii, n_ioi, n_ooi, n_iio, n_oio, n_ioo, n_ooo) @staticmethod def _marginals(*contingency): """Calculates values of contingency table marginals from its values. >>> TrigramAssocMeasures._marginals(1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 72, 0, 1927) (1, (1, 1, 1), (1, 73, 1), 2000) """ n_iii, n_oii, n_ioi, n_ooi, n_iio, n_oio, n_ioo, n_ooo = contingency return (n_iii, (n_iii + n_iio, n_iii + n_ioi, n_iii + n_oii), (n_iii + n_ioi + n_iio + n_ioo, n_iii + n_oii + n_iio + n_oio, n_iii + n_oii + n_ioi + n_ooi), sum(contingency))
class QuadgramAssocMeasures(NgramAssocMeasures): """ A collection of quadgram association measures. Each association measure is provided as a function with five arguments:: trigram_score_fn(n_iiii, (n_iiix, n_iixi, n_ixii, n_xiii), (n_iixx, n_ixix, n_ixxi, n_xixi, n_xxii, n_xiix), (n_ixxx, n_xixx, n_xxix, n_xxxi), n_all) The arguments constitute the marginals of a contingency table, counting the occurrences of particular events in a corpus. The letter i in the suffix refers to the appearance of the word in question, while x indicates the appearance of any word. Thus, for example: n_iiii counts (w1, w2, w3, w4), i.e. the quadgram being scored n_ixxi counts (w1, *, *, w4) n_xxxx counts (*, *, *, *), i.e. any quadgram """ _n = 4 @staticmethod def _contingency(n_iiii, n_iiix_tuple, n_iixx_tuple, n_ixxx_tuple, n_xxxx): """Calculates values of a quadgram contingency table from marginal values. """ (n_iiix, n_iixi, n_ixii, n_xiii) = n_iiix_tuple (n_iixx, n_ixix, n_ixxi, n_xixi, n_xxii, n_xiix) = n_iixx_tuple (n_ixxx, n_xixx, n_xxix, n_xxxi) = n_ixxx_tuple n_oiii = n_xiii - n_iiii n_ioii = n_ixii - n_iiii n_iioi = n_iixi - n_iiii n_ooii = n_xxii - n_iiii - n_oiii - n_ioii n_oioi = n_xixi - n_iiii - n_oiii - n_iioi n_iooi = n_ixxi - n_iiii - n_ioii - n_iioi n_oooi = n_xxxi - n_iiii - n_oiii - n_ioii - n_iioi - n_ooii - n_iooi - n_oioi n_iiio = n_iiix - n_iiii n_oiio = n_xiix - n_iiii - n_oiii - n_iiio n_ioio = n_ixix - n_iiii - n_ioii - n_iiio n_ooio = n_xxix - n_iiii - n_oiii - n_ioii - n_iiio - n_ooii - n_ioio - n_oiio n_iioo = n_iixx - n_iiii - n_iioi - n_iiio n_oioo = n_xixx - n_iiii - n_oiii - n_iioi - n_iiio - n_oioi - n_oiio - n_iioo n_iooo = n_ixxx - n_iiii - n_ioii - n_iioi - n_iiio - n_iooi - n_iioo - n_ioio n_oooo = n_xxxx - n_iiii - n_oiii - n_ioii - n_iioi - n_ooii - n_oioi - n_iooi - \ n_oooi - n_iiio - n_oiio - n_ioio - n_ooio - n_iioo - n_oioo - n_iooo return (n_iiii, n_oiii, n_ioii, n_ooii, n_iioi, n_oioi, n_iooi, n_oooi, n_iiio, n_oiio, n_ioio, n_ooio, n_iioo, n_oioo, n_iooo, n_oooo) @staticmethod def _marginals(*contingency): """Calculates values of contingency table marginals from its values. QuadgramAssocMeasures._marginals(1, 0, 2, 46, 552, 825, 2577, 34967, 1, 0, 2, 48, 7250, 9031, 28585, 356653) (1, (2, 553, 3, 1), (7804, 6, 3132, 1378, 49, 2), (38970, 17660, 100, 38970), 440540) """ n_iiii, n_oiii, n_ioii, n_ooii, n_iioi, n_oioi, n_iooi, n_oooi, n_iiio, n_oiio, n_ioio, n_ooio, \ n_iioo, n_oioo, n_iooo, n_oooo = contingency n_iiix = n_iiii + n_iiio n_iixi = n_iiii + n_iioi n_ixii = n_iiii + n_ioii n_xiii = n_iiii + n_oiii n_iixx = n_iiii + n_iioi + n_iiio + n_iioo n_ixix = n_iiii + n_ioii + n_iiio + n_ioio n_ixxi = n_iiii + n_ioii + n_iioi + n_iooi n_xixi = n_iiii + n_oiii + n_iioi + n_oioi n_xxii = n_iiii + n_oiii + n_ioii + n_ooii n_xiix = n_iiii + n_oiii + n_iiio + n_oiio n_ixxx = n_iiii + n_ioii + n_iioi + n_iiio + n_iooi + n_iioo + n_ioio + n_iooo n_xixx = n_iiii + n_oiii + n_iioi + n_iiio + n_oioi + n_oiio + n_iioo + n_oioo n_xxix = n_iiii + n_oiii + n_ioii + n_iiio + n_ooii + n_ioio + n_oiio + n_ooio n_xxxi = n_iiii + n_oiii + n_ioii + n_iioi + n_ooii + n_iooi + n_oioi + n_oooi n_all = sum(contingency) return (n_iiii, (n_iiix, n_iixi, n_ixii, n_xiii), (n_iixx, n_ixix, n_ixxi, n_xixi, n_xxii, n_xiix), (n_ixxx, n_xixx, n_xxix, n_xxxi), n_all)
[docs]class ContingencyMeasures(object): """Wraps NgramAssocMeasures classes such that the arguments of association measures are contingency table values rather than marginals. """
[docs] def __init__(self, measures): """Constructs a ContingencyMeasures given a NgramAssocMeasures class""" self.__class__.__name__ = 'Contingency' + measures.__class__.__name__ for k in dir(measures): if k.startswith('__'): continue v = getattr(measures, k) if not k.startswith('_'): v = self._make_contingency_fn(measures, v) setattr(self, k, v)
@staticmethod def _make_contingency_fn(measures, old_fn): """From an association measure function, produces a new function which accepts contingency table values as its arguments. """ def res(*contingency): return old_fn(*measures._marginals(*contingency)) res.__doc__ = old_fn.__doc__ res.__name__ = old_fn.__name__ return res